Grzyby izolowane z pomieszczeń szkolnych

The aim of the study was to determine the species composition of fungi occurring on wall surfaces and in the air in school buildings. Fungi isolated from the air using the sedimentation method and from the walls using the surface swab technique constituted the study material. Types of finish materials on wall surfaces were identified and used in the analysis. Samples were collected in selected areas in two schools: classrooms, corridors, men’s toilets and women’s toilets, cloakrooms, sports changing rooms and shower. Examinations were conducted in May 2005 after the heating season was over. Fungi were incubated on Czapek-Dox medium at three parallel temperatures: 25, 37 and 40°C, for at least three weeks. A total of 379 isolates of fungi belonging to 32 genera of moulds, yeasts and yeast-like fungi were obtained from 321 samples in the school environment. The following genera were isolated most frequently: Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporoium. Of the 72 determined species, Cladosporium herbarum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium chrysogenumoccurred most frequently in the school buildings. Wall surfaces were characterised by an increased prevalence of mycobiota in comparison with the air in the buildings, with a slightly greater species diversity. A certain species specificity for rough and smooth wall surfaces was demonstrated. Fungi of the genera Cladosporium andEmericellawith large spores adhered better to smooth surfaces while those of the genus Aspergilluswith smaller conidia adhered better to rough surfaces. The application of three incubation temperatures helped provide a fuller picture of the mycobiota in the school environment.Celem badań było określenie składu gatunkowego grzybów występujących na powierzchniach ścian i w powietrzu budynków szkolnych. Materiałem do badań były grzyby uzyskane z powietrza metodą sedymentacji i ze ścian techniką wymazu powierzchniowego, biorąc pod uwagę różne materiały wykończeniowe ścian. Próby pobierano z wybranych pomieszczeń dwóch szkół: sali lekcyjnej, korytarza, toalet damskiej i męskiej, szatni ogólnej, szatni sportowej oraz prysznica. Badanie przeprowadzono w maju 2005r., po zakończonym okresie grzewczym. Grzyby hodowano na podłożu Chapek-Doxa równolegle w trzech temperaturach: 25, 37 i 40°C, przez co najmniej trzy tygodnie. W środowisku szkolnym z 321 prób uzyskano 379 izolatów grzybów z 32 rodzajów grzybów pleśniowych, drożdży i grzybów drożdżopodobnych. Najczęściej izolowano rodzaje: Aspergillus, Penicillium i Cladosporium. Z oznaczonych 72 gatunków grzybów najczęściej w pomieszczeniach szkolnych występował: Cladosporium herbarum, Aspergillus fumigatus i Penicillium chrysogenum. Powierzchnie ścian charakteryzowały się zwiększoną prewalencją mikobioty w stosunku do powietrza tych pomieszczeń, przy nieco większej różnorodności gatunkowej. Wykazano pewną specyficzność gatunkową grzybów dla szorstkich i gładkich powierzchni ścian. Do powierzchni gładkich lepiej przylegały grzyby o dużych zarodnikach z rodzaju Cladosporium i Emericella, natomiast do szorstkich o mniejszych konidiach, z rodzaju Aspergillus. Zastosowanie trzech temperatur inkubacji pozwoliło na nakreślenie pełniejszego obrazu mikobioty środowiska szkolnego

Bioróżnorodność mikocenoz jamy ustnej, gardła i nosa dzieci w wieku 6-15 lat

Biodiversity of mycocoenoses of oral cavity, throat and nose of children aged 6-15 years. The purpose of this study was analysis of biodiversity of mycoflora in selected ontocenoses of healthy children. The material for the study was consisted of swabs taken from oral cavity, pharynx, and nose of healthy children: 128 girls and 142 boys. The material for the study was collected in May and November, dividing the children into two age groups: 6-9 years and 10-15 years. A total of 13 species representing 5 genera: Candida, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Saccharomycopsis and Trichosporon were found in the material studied. The dominant group were yeasts-like fungi. Candida albicans, the basic etiological factor of the majority of mycotic diseases in humans, was found most frequently. Appearance of Candida glabrata and C. krusei is a reason for concern, as increasing numbers of their strains are resistant to basic antimycotic drugs, as weil as relatively frequent appearance of Trichosporon beigelii, Saccharomycopsis capsularis, and Saccharomyces sp. - the fungi showing increasing expansiveness and enzymatic activity. The fungi were most frequently isolated from oral cavity and pharynx. No phenological changes in fungal prevalence were found in the pharynx. In the other ontocenoses fungi were found much more frequently in the spring than in the autumn. Regardless of the season, the largest fluctuations in biodiversity and numbers of the studied mycocoenoses were observed in the oral cavity and nose - the organs that come into direct contact with environmental contaminants and many agents of transmission for potentially pathological fungi

Bioroznorodnosc mikocenoz jamy ustnej, gardla i nosa dzieci w wieku 6-15 lat

Biodiversity of mycocoenoses of oral cavity, throat and nose of children aged 6-15 years. The purpose of this study was analysis of biodiversity of mycoflora in selected ontocenoses of healthy children. The material for the study was consisted of swabs taken from oral cavity, pharynx, and nose of healthy children: 128 girls and 142 boys. The material for the study was collected in May and November, dividing the children into two age groups: 6-9 years and 10-15 years. A total of 13 species representing 5 genera: Candida, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Saccharomycopsis and Trichosporon were found in the material studied. The dominant group were yeasts-like fungi. Candida albicans, the basic etiological factor of the majority of mycotic diseases in humans, was found most frequently. Appearance of Candida glabrata and C. krusei is a reason for concern, as increasing numbers of their strains are resistant to basic antimycotic drugs, as weil as relatively frequent appearance of Trichosporon beigelii, Saccharomycopsis capsularis, and Saccharomyces sp. - the fungi showing increasing expansiveness and enzymatic activity. The fungi were most frequently isolated from oral cavity and pharynx. No phenological changes in fungal prevalence were found in the pharynx. In the other ontocenoses fungi were found much more frequently in the spring than in the autumn. Regardless of the season, the largest fluctuations in biodiversity and numbers of the studied mycocoenoses were observed in the oral cavity and nose - the organs that come into direct contact with environmental contaminants and many agents of transmission for potentially pathological fungi

Środowisko szkolne jako potencjalne miejsce transmisji międzyosobniczych

The purpose of examinations was defined role of environment of school in interindyvidual transmisions. The yeast and yeast - like fungi isolated from the oral cavity, troat and nose from 270 healthy children, at the age of 6 to 15 years, from country and municipal schools. The frequency of occurrence of fungi in country was higher than in minicipal schools by the resambling biodifferentiation. Totally 13 species belonging to 5 genera were detected in the examined material: Candida, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Saccharomycopsis i Trichosporon. Increasing part of S. capsularis was noted in ontocenoses of healthy children. The qualitative and quantitative changes testify about changes of environment. Simultaneously, they inform about timely condition of mycoflora of the examined ontocenosis and surroundings

Srodowisko szkolne jako potencjalne miejsce transmisji miedzyosobniczych

The purpose of examinations was defined role of environment of school in interindyvidual transmisions. The yeast and yeast - like fungi isolated from the oral cavity, troat and nose from 270 healthy children, at the age of 6 to 15 years, from country and municipal schools. The frequency of occurrence of fungi in country was higher than in minicipal schools by the resambling biodifferentiation. Totally 13 species belonging to 5 genera were detected in the examined material: Candida, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Saccharomycopsis i Trichosporon. Increasing part of S. capsularis was noted in ontocenoses of healthy children. The qualitative and quantitative changes testify about changes of environment. Simultaneously, they inform about timely condition of mycoflora of the examined ontocenosis and surroundings

Działalność naukowo-badawcza w dziedzinie nanotechnologii w Polsce

Nanotechnology is a relatively new field of science and technology, but nevertheless more and more popularized in the modern world, focused on minimization. As a new field, it requires a number of regulations in legal, ethical, social and above all scientific and technical aspects. Therefore, most countries prepare appropriate strategic documents governing the development of research in the field of nanotechnology and indicate directions and methods of funding as well as conducting research. For the purposes of this study, the authors examined the strategic documents indicating the importance of nanoscience and nanotechnology in Poland in the research system, referring to the documents of the European Union. In addition, basing on statistical data of all Polish regions and the number of projects in the nano area, they evaluated the national scientific and research potential in the field of nanotechnology.Nanotechnologia jest stosunkowo młodą dziedziną wiedzy i techniki, nie mniej jednak coraz bardziej rozpowszechnianą we współczesnym świecie dążącym do minimalizacji. Jako nowa dziedzina potrzebuje szeregu uregulowań aspektów prawnych, etycznych, społecznychi przede wszystkim naukowo-technicznych. W związku z tym większość krajów przygotowuje odpowiednie dokumenty strategiczne regulujące rozwój badań w zakresie nanotechnologii oraz wskazuje kierunki i sposoby finansowania i prowadzenia badań naukowych. Na potrzeby niniejszego opracowania autorki przeanalizowały dokumenty strategiczne wskazujące na znaczenie nanonauki i nanotechnologii w Polsce w systemie badań naukowych, odnosząc je do dokumentów Unii Europejskiej. Ponadto dokonały oceny krajowego potencjału naukowo-badawczego w obszarze nanotechnologii, w oparciu o dane statystyczne poszczególnych regionów Polski i liczbę realizowanych projektów w dziedzinie nano

Priorytetowe technologie i kierunki badań w polskich projektach foresight

Foresight projects have been used across the world in the process of anticipating the future by governments, regional authorities, companies, and S&R institutes. Foresight, together with its specific research tools and terminology, is also becoming increasingly important in Poland. From nearly 50 foresight projects implemented in Poland, most of them are related to technology and research development. The essential issue of foresight methodology is to identify the key technology/priority line of research. The paper presents a results of identified key technologies and research in Polish 47 foresight initiatives and is also an attempt to organise the identified technology and research directions into the following four classifications, using NABS classification for research and development activities and Frascati classification: Key Enabling Technologies, the technology division of the system, transversal, and sector.Foresight jest coraz częściej wykorzystywany przez instytucje naukowe, administrację oraz przedsiębiorstwa jako narzędzie antycypowania przyszłych stanów. Również w Polsce można zaobserwować rosnące zainteresowanie wykorzystaniem tego narzędzia. Niespełna 50 zrealizowanych w Polsce projektów foresight dotyczyło wyznaczania przyszłości badań i rozwoju technologii. Głównym celem zrealizowanych projektów było wyznaczenie priorytetowych kierunków badań lub technologii. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań dotyczących zidentyfikowanych kluczowych technologii/kierunków badań w 47 projektach foresight. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na przyporządkowanie priorytetowych technologii/kierunków badań zgodnie z klasyfikacjami: podział technologii kluczowych (Key Enabling Technologies); podział na technologie systemowe, transwersalne i sektorowe; klasyfikacja NABS dla działalności badawczo-rozwojowej; klasyfikacja na podstawie podręcznika Frascati wyodrębniającego dziedziny i specjalności nauki i techniki