La educación universitaria en el Perú : democracia, expansión y desigualdades

Contiene tres ensayos que exponen la expansión universitaria en el Perú vino acompañada de desigualdades educativas. Sostiene que el sistema universitario no solo fue incapaz de incluir a todos, sino que aquellos que sí lo fueron se vieron envueltos en relaciones asimétricas con la institución-universidad. La hipótesis que manifiesta el libro busca mostrar cuál ha sido el camino recorrido en la expansión universitaria que siguieron aquellos grupos tradicionalmente excluidos en el país por razones étnicas y/o económicas. En cada uno de los artículos se muestran las relaciones que el sistema universitario, particularmente público, ha establecido con estos grupos. De alguna manera, exhiben las relaciones que se crean entre el Estado y los ciudadanos

A survey of healthcare providers’ knowledge and attitudes regarding pain relief in labor for women in Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: To explore healthcare providers' knowledge and attitudes to the need for pain relief for women in labor. METHODS: A structured questionnaire (n = 200) distributed to healthcare providers working in the obstetric departments, including theatres, of three public hospitals in different settings (rural, peri-urban and urban) in Ethiopia. Descriptive analysis was performed using Excel 2013 and SPSS version 22 for associations. RESULTS: The response rate was 81.5% with 164 questionnaires completed. The majority, 79% of respondents, understood that women can feel moderate to severe pain in labor and 77% were of the opinion that labor pain should be relieved. However, common practices included only supportive measures such as breathing and relaxation exercises, back massage and support from family. The general attitude of healthcare providers is that labor is a natural process, women should be able to cope and that pain relief is not a priority for women in labor. More than half, 52% of healthcare providers had safety concerns with using pharmacological methods to relieve pain in labor. CONCLUSION: The majority of healthcare providers understand that women suffer significant pain during labor. However, providing effective pain relief is currently not provided as part of routine intra-partum care in Ethiopia

Cost-effectiveness of Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy: A Simulation Modelling Approach

Objectives: In the UK, patients who require intravenous antimicrobial (IVA) treatment may receive this in the community through outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) services. Services include: IVA administration at a hospital outpatient clinic (HO); IVA administration at home by a general nurse (GN) or a specialist nurse (SN); or patient self-administered (SA) IVA administration following training. There is uncertainty regarding which OPAT services represent value for money; this study aimed to estimate their cost-effectiveness. Methods: A cost-effectiveness decision-analytic model was developed using a simulation technique utilizing data from hospital records and a systematic review of the literature. The model estimates cost per QALY gained from the National Health Service (NHS) perspective for short- and long-term treatment of infections and service combinations across these. Results: In short-term treatments, HO was estimated as the most effective (0.7239 QALYs), but at the highest cost (£973). SN was the least costly (£710), producing 0.7228 QALYs. The combination between SN and HO was estimated to produce 0.7235 QALYs at a cost of £841. For long-term treatments, SN was the most effective (0.677 QALYs), costing £2379, while SA was the least costly at £1883, producing 0.666 QALYs. A combination of SA and SN was estimated to produce 0.672 QALYs at a cost of £2128. Conclusions: SN and SA are cost-effective for short- and long-term treatment of infections, while combining services may represent the second-best alternative for OPAT in the UK

Cost-effectiveness of Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy: A Simulation Modelling Approach

Objectives: In the UK, patients who require intravenous antimicrobial (IVA) treatment may receive this in the community through outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) services. Services include: IVA administration at a hospital outpatient clinic (HO); IVA administration at home by a general nurse (GN) or a specialist nurse (SN); or patient self-administered (SA) IVA administration following training. There is uncertainty regarding which OPAT services represent value for money; this study aimed to estimate their cost-effectiveness. Methods: A cost-effectiveness decision-analytic model was developed using a simulation technique utilizing data from hospital records and a systematic review of the literature. The model estimates cost per QALY gained from the National Health Service (NHS) perspective for short- and long-term treatment of infections and service combinations across these. Results: In short-term treatments, HO was estimated as the most effective (0.7239 QALYs), but at the highest cost (£973). SN was the least costly (£710), producing 0.7228 QALYs. The combination between SN and HO was estimated to produce 0.7235 QALYs at a cost of £841. For long-term treatments, SN was the most effective (0.677 QALYs), costing £2379, while SA was the least costly at £1883, producing 0.666 QALYs. A combination of SA and SN was estimated to produce 0.672 QALYs at a cost of £2128. Conclusions: SN and SA are cost-effective for short- and long-term treatment of infections, while combining services may represent the second-best alternative for OPAT in the UK

Variación de la Huella ecológica de los estudiantes de Ingeniería Ambiental de la Universidad Andina del Cusco durante la pandemia del COVID-19

The variation of the ecology footprint per capita (FP) of the students of the professional school of Environmental Engineering of the Universidad Andina del Cusco was determined in two different scenarios: before the pandemic and during the COVID-19 pandemic; For this, a questionnaire used internationally for the determination of the HE of university students was adapted, the quantification was carried out considering four sections: Food, transport, energy and forest resources. The results obtained show a decrease in the HE between the two scenarios of 0.207 hag, the most significant reduction was in the transport section 0.185 hag, followed by the food section 0.022 hag, in the forest section the reduction was minimal 0.002 hag and in the energy section obtained an increase in HE of 0.002 hag. The results of the present study demonstrate in terms of ecological footprint the variation in the consumption habits of university students due to the declaration of a health emergency faced by the country, a variation that translates into a more sustainable lifestyle.Se determinó la variación de la huella ecología (HE) per cápita de los estudiantes de la escuela profesional de Ingeniería Ambiental de la Universidad Andina del Cusco en dos escenarios diferentes: antes de la pandemia y durante la pandemia del COVID-19; para lo cual se adaptó un cuestionario utilizado internacionalmente para la determinación de la HE de estudiantes universitarios, la cuantificación se realizó considerando cuatro secciones: Alimentos, transporte, energía y recursos forestales. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran una disminución de la HE entre los dos escenarios de 0.207 hag, la reducción más significativa fue en la sección transportes 0.185 hag, seguida de la sección de alimentos 0.022 hag, en la sección forestal la reducción fue mínima 0.002 hag y en la sección energía se obtuvo un aumento de la HE de 0.002 hag. Los resultados del presente estudio demuestran en términos de huella ecológica la variación de los hábitos de consumo de los estudiantes universitarios por la declaratoria de emergencia sanitaria que afronta el país, variación que se traduce en un estilo de vida mas sostenible