Design and Validation of Automated Femoral Bone Morphology Measurements in Cerebral Palsy

Accurate quantification of bone morphology is important for monitoring the progress of bony deformation in patients with cerebral palsy. The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic bone morphology measurement method using one or two radiographs. The study focused on four morphologic measurements—neck-shaft angle, femoral anteversion, shaft bowing angle, and neck length. Fifty-four three-dimensional (3D) geometrical femur models were generated from the computed tomography (CT) of cerebral palsy patients. Principal component analysis was performed on the combined data of geometrical femur models and manual measurements of the four morphologic measurements to generate a statistical femur model. The 3D–2D registration of the statistical femur model for radiography computes four morphological measurements of the femur in the radiographs automatically. The prediction performance was tested here by means of leave-one-out cross-validation and was quantified by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and by measuring the absolute differences between automatic prediction from two radiographs and manual measurements using original CT images. For the neck-shaft angle, femoral anteversion, shaft bowing angle, and neck length, the ICCs were 0.812, 0.960, 0.834, and 0.750, respectively, and the mean absolute differences were 2.52°, 2.85°, 0.92°, and 1.88 mm, respectively. Four important dimensions of the femur could be predicted from two views with very good agreement with manual measurements from CT and hip radiographs. The proposed method can help young patients avoid instances of large radiation exposure from CT, and their femoral deformities can be quantified robustly and effectively from one or two radiograph(s)

Properties of lipid microdomains in a muscle cell membrane visualized by single molecule microscopy

The lateral motion of single fluorescence labeled lipid molecules was imaged in native cell membranes on a millisecond time scale and with positional accuracy of ∼50 nm, using ‘single dye tracing’. This first application of single molecule microscopy to living cells rendered possible the direct observation of lipid-specific membrane domains. These domains were sensed by a lipid probe with saturated acyl chains as small areas in a liquid-ordered phase: the probe showed confined but fast diffusion, with high partitioning (∼100-fold) and long residence time (∼13 s). The analogous probe with mono-unsaturated chains diffused predominantly unconfined within the membrane. With ∼15 saturated probes per domain, the locations, sizes, shapes and motions of individual domains became clearly visible. Domains had a size of 0.7 μm (0.2–2 μm), covering ∼13% of total membrane area. Both the liquid-ordered phase characteristics and the sizes of domains match properties of membrane fractions described as detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), strongly suggesting that the domains seen are the in vivo correlate of DRMs and thus may be identified as lipid rafts