Theoretical overview on high-energy emission in microquasars

Microquasar (MQ) jets are sites of particle acceleration and synchrotron emission. Such synchrotron radiation has been detected coming from jet regions of different spatial scales, which for the instruments at work nowadays appear as compact radio cores, slightly resolved radio jets, or (very) extended structures. Because of the presence of relativistic particles and dense photon, magnetic and matter fields, these outflows are also the best candidates to generate the very high-energy (VHE) gamma-rays detected coming from two of these objects, LS 5039 and LS I +61 303, and may be contributing significantly to the X-rays emitted from the MQ core. In addition, beside electromagnetic radiation, jets at different scales are producing some amount of leptonic and hadronic cosmic rays (CR), and evidences of neutrino production in these objects may be eventually found. In this work, we review on the different physical processes that may be at work in or related to MQ jets. The jet regions capable to produce significant amounts of emission at different wavelengths have been reduced to the jet base, the jet at scales of the order of the size of the system orbital semi-major axis, the jet middle scales (the resolved radio jets), and the jet termination point. The surroundings of the jet could be sites of multiwavelegnth emission as well, deserving also an insight. We focus on those scenarios, either hadronic or leptonic, in which it seems more plausible to generate both photons from radio to VHE and high-energy neutrinos. We briefly comment as well on the relevance of MQ as possible contributors to the galactic CR in the GeV-PeV range.Comment: Astrophysics & Space Science, in press (invited talk in the conference: The multimessenger approach to the high-energy gamma-ray sources", Barcelona/Catalonia, in July 4-7); 10 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables (one reference corrected

Psychometric validation of the Russian version of the Central Sensitization Inventory in adolescents (14-17 years old)

OBJECTIVE: To validate a Russian version of the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) in adolescents (14-17 years old). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included adolescents aged 14-17 years. Group 1 (n=69) - frequent episodic and chronic tension type headache; group 2 (n=63) - chronic myogenic neck pain; group 3 (n=61) - infrequent episodic tension type headache; group 4 (n=67) - adolescents without pain during the last 6 months. The first stage was linguistic validation of the statements (symptoms) in CSI (100 randomly selected adolescents). Psychometric validation was performed by comparing the indicators of CSI, Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS), and M. Kovacs' Children's Depression Inventory. RESULTS: A strong correlation between CSI scores with the PARS indicators (number of symptoms, severity scale, clinical examination scale) and M.Kovacs' Children's Depression Inventory was shown. CONCLUSION: CSI can be used in adolescents from the age of 14, and it is an informative and useful clinical tool for identifying and assessing the severity of central sensitization in pediatrics