5 research outputs found
Three-dimensional structure of Serratia marcescens nuclease at 1.7 Γ resolution and mechanism of its action
AbstractThe three-dimensional crystal structure of Serratia marcescens (Sm) nuclease has been refined at 1.7 Γ
resolution to the R-factor of 17.3% and R-free of 22.2%. The final model consists of 3678 non-hydrogen atoms and 443 water molecules. The analysis of the secondary and the tertiary structures of the Sm nuclease suggests a topology which reveals essential inner symmetry in all the three layers forming the monomer. We propose the plausible mechanism of its action based on a concerted participation of the catalytically important amino acid residues of the enzyme active site
Atomic structure at 2.5 Γ resolution of uridine phosphorylase from E. coli as refined in the monoclinic crystal lattice
AbstractUridine phosphorylase from E. coli (Upase) has been crystallized using vapor diffusion technique in a new monoclinic crystal form. The structure was determined by the molecular replacement method at 2.5 Γ
resolution. The coordinates of the trigonal crystal form were used as a starting model and the refinement by the program XPLOR led to the R-factor of 18.6%. The amino acid fold of the protein was found to be the same as that in the trigonal crystals. The positions of flexible regions were refined. The conclusion about the involvement in the active site is in good agreement with the results of the biochemical experiments
Π‘ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ: ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Background. A few cases of combination of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVC) with left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) have been described. Aims to study the genetics, diagnostical features and clinical course of the combination of ARVC with LVNC. Methods. 58 patients with ARVC diagnosis (26 men; mean age 39.1 14.2 years; mean follow-up period 21.5 [6; 60] months) and 125 patients with LVNC (74 men; mean age 46.4 15.1 years; mean follow-up period 14 [3; 40] months). All patients underwent electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, 24-h ECG monitoring. Heart MRI was performed in 53 (91.4%) patients with ARVC and 60 (48%) with LVNC, heart CT in 18 (31%) patients with ARVC and 89 (71.2%) with LVNC. For all patients with combination of ARVC and LVNC DNA-diagnostic was performed using both ARVC (PKP2, DSG2, DSP, DSC2, JUP, TMEM43, TGFB3, PLN, LMNA, DES, CTTNA3, EMD, SCN5A, LDB3, CRYAB, FLNC) and LVNC (MYH7, MYBPC3, TAZ, TPM1, LDB3, MYL2, MYL3, ACTC1, TNNT2, TNI3) gene panels. Results. Combination of ARVC and LVNC was found in 9 patients (15.5% of patients form ARVC cohort and 7.2% from LVNC cohort). These patients were distinguished from patients with isolated ARVC or LVNC by aggressive ventricular arrhythmias (frequent premature ventricular beats, sustained ventricular tachycardia, significantly worse antiarrhythmic therapy effect, appropriate shocks of implanted cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) in all patients with ICD). Patients with combination of ARVC + LVNC were also distinguished from patients with isolated LVNC by the dilatation of RV, low QRS voltage on ECG, presence of AV block, absence of signs of LV hypertrophy on ECG. LV dilatation with reduction of its ejection fraction distinguished patients with mixed cardiomyopathy from patients with isolated ARVC. Potentially pathogenic variants (IVV classes of pathogenicity) and variants of unclear clinical significance (III class of pathogenicity) were found in both desmosomal and non-desmosomal genes in 78% of patients, including 3 (33%) in DSP gene. Conclusions. The combination of ARVC and LVNC can be caused by mutations in both desmosomal and non-desmosomal genes and has typical features: aggressive, resistant ventricular rhythm abnormalities leading to appropriate ICD shocks and a high risk of sudden cardiac death.ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° (ΠΠ) ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° (ΠΠ). Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΠ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. 58 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΡ ΠΠ (26 ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½; ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ 39,1 14,2 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°; ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 21,5 [6; 60] ΠΌΠ΅Ρ) ΠΈ 125 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ ΠΠ (74 ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Ρ; ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ 46,4 15,1 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°; ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 14 [3; 40] ΠΌΠ΅Ρ). ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΠΠ, ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΠ ΠΏΠΎ Π₯ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΠ Π’ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° 53 (91,4%) ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠ ΠΈ 60 (48%) Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ, ΠΠ‘ΠΠ’ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° 18 (31%) ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠ ΠΈ 89 (71,2%) Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΠ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ (PKP2, DSG2, DSP, DSC2, JUP, TMEM43, TGFB3, PLN, LMNA, DES, CTTNA3, EMD, SCN5A, LDB3, CRYAB, FLNC) ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΠ (MYH7, MYBPC3, TAZ, TPM1, LDB3, MYL2, MYL3, ACTC1, TNNT2, TNNI3). Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π‘ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΠ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ 9 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ 15,5% ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ ΠΈ 7,2% ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ. ΠΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ, Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°-Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ-Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ). ΠΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ° QRS Π½Π° ΠΠΠ, Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ-Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ, ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ Π½Π° ΠΠΠ. ΠΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ (IVV ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ) ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (III ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ) ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π½Π°Ρ
Ρ 78% ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Ρ 3 (33%) Π² Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ DSP. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π‘ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΠ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°-Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ