Osamilite (K–Na–Ca–Mg–Fe–Al–S): A derived base catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel from blends of pumpkin seed oil-goat fat-poultry waste fat

This study converted the hybridized oil produced from the blend of seed oil and animal wastes fat to biodiesel using a developed catalyst from palm kernel empty burnt bunch ash (PKPKEBBA). The hybridized oil was obtained via specific gravity method and the properties of the oils were determined. The developed catalyst was characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRF-FT, BET-adsorption, and qualitative analysis. Process optimization was carried out using RSM-CCD and ANN-GA with references to four variables namely: reaction period, catalyst conc., reaction temperature, and E-OH/OMR, respectively. The kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of the transesterification reaction was also carried out. The developed catalyst was recycled and reused, while the quality of the biodiesel was examined with a view to determine its potential to replace conventional diesel. Results showed low viscous and acid value of the hybridized oil which was obtained in a single stage conversion. The mix ratio of the hybridized oil was found to be 33:34:33 with respect to pumpkin seed oil, goat fat, and poultry waste fat. The developed heterogeneous catalyst contained CaCO3 as the major element found in the PKEBBA. Process optimization showed that ANN-GA gave a better optimum validated yield of 99.20% (wt./wt.) than RSM-CCD of 98.44% (wt./wt.). Considered design variables were mutually significant at p-value<0.0001. The rate equation constant was 0.0177 min−1, while the thermodynamic parameters at highest temperature (348 K) were ΔGr= 101.38 KJ/mol, ΔHr=-5.82 × 10−5 KJ/mol, and ΔSr= −291.32 KJ/mol. K. The strength of catalyst tested via reusability test showed catalyst reusability test was altered at 7 cycles. The produced biodiesel have fuel properties similar to conventional diesel. The study concluded that the hybridization of oils for biodiesel conversion is viable

Bunch Ash biomass source for the synthesis of Al2(SiO4)2 magnetic nanocatalyst and as alkali catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel production

This work employed the Admixture of oil from winter squash seed oil and duck waste fat for the synthesis of biodiesel using a derived heterogeneous catalyst from burnt Arecaceae kernel empty bunch (BAKEB). The admixture oil was obtained using the gravity ratio method and the properties of the oils were determined. The developed BAKEB was characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRF-FT, BET-adsorption, and qualitative analysis. Transesterification of the admixture oil to biodiesel was carried out in a single transesterification batch reactor, while Process optimization was carried out via RSM-CCD with four constraint variables namely: reaction period, catalyst conc., reaction temperature, and E-OH/OMR, respectively. The spent catalyst was recycled and reused and the quality of the produced biodiesel was compared with the recommended standard. Results showed the admixture oil ratio of 48:52 was sufficient to produce a validated optimum biodiesel yield of 99.42% (wt./wt.) at the reaction time of 55 min, catalyst conc. of 3.00 (%wt.), reaction temperature of 60 °C, and E-OH/OMR of 5.5:1 (vol./vol.), respectively. ANOVA analysis indicated that all variables were mutually significant at p-value<0.0001.The developed BAKEB was found to contain high percentages of Al-K-Na-Ca. The catalyst recyclability test indicated that BAKEB can be refined and reused. The produced biodiesel qualities have fuel properties similar to conventional diesel when compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14,214. The study concluded that the blending of winter squash seed oil with duck waste fat in the ratio of 48:52 as feedstock for biodiesel synthesis is viable