Достижение коммуникативной эквивалентности в условиях межъязыковой опосредованной коммуникации (сопоставительный аспект)

The article deals with the comparative analysis of cognitive-discourse factors of the mediated interlingual communication connected with national-cultural specification of the language worldview.Статья посвящена сопоставительному исследованию когнитивно-дискурсивных факторов опосредованной межъязыковой коммуникации, связанных с национально-культурной спецификой языковой картины мира

SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE PERCEPTION, COMPREHENSION, AND PRODUCTION THROUGH THE PRISM OF INTERTEXTUALITY AND POLY-CULTURAL SPACE OF TRANSLATION (COGNITIVE APPROACH IN TRANSLATION)

Intensified by poly-cultural space of translation, specific nature of scientific discourse, which increasingly invokes the phenomenon of intertextuality, precondition special relevance of cognitive text forming mechanisms aimed at ensuring scientific text perception and comprehension in what concerns semiotic and functional potential thereof. The aim of this study is to consider the intercorrelations between cognitive and linguistic structures of the medical concept “BoNTA naïve injections ” within scientific information processing in the mediated communication.Methods of semantic and conceptual analyses are used in this research, along with translation and native speaker's questionnaire methods. Ph.D. students (n 89) of RUDN- University from different countries learning the English, the Spanish, and the Russian languages as a second foreign language are involved in the study.We conclude that particular significance for translation process as a speech act is acquired by cognitive aspects of sense interaction based on presuppositions and implications rooted in background knowledge when structuring and shaping up a part of professional experience that encode frames of reference to the cognitive perception of both reality and the ways of its conceptualization in scientific communication in the source and target languages.This article has practical value for comparative study of languages, cognitive semantics, linguistics, language and translation teaching

Cultural concepts: social context and semantic features

Investigation of dynamics of language in use, representing an important tendency that contributes to forming of modern predominant approach in linguistic science, meets the cherished objective of solving a wide range of issues arising from the functioning of language, which can be efficiently viewed in the context of cognitive approach. In the theoretical framework of the cognitive paradigm of linguistic researches the cognitive approach in translation, as we opine, is to be profiled through the prism of intertextuality and policultural space’s cognitive peculiarities, subjecting the mechanism of discourse perception, comprehension and production to the specificities conditioned, among others, by social, cultural and pragmatic factors of bilingual communication and applying the criteria of the speech act efficiency, supplementing the latter by linguistic and extralinguistic determinants of translation. Cultural concepts in Russian, Spanish and English languages constitute the object of this article. We make special reference to pragmatic features of their functioning as communicative (linguistic and cognitive) means within a dynamic interaction between participants, participants’ conceptual systems and cultures. We highlight the role of such skills as functional generalization and presenting of structures of knowledge by means of categorization and conceptualization that best accord with adequate conveyance of peculiarities of social and cultural experiences of a given language community in unrelated languages. The aim of this article is to compare cognitive and discursive characteristic features of Russian, Spanish and English concepts, to analyze relevant specificities of their functioning in mediated discourse in order to elaborate a strategy designed to preserve implicatures of the source text drawing distinction between specific national and universal features of presuppositions in human interaction while determining the semantic invariant viewed through the prism of translation norm of adequacy and equivalence and the phenomenon of intertextuality. In present article the method of semantic analysis and comparative analysis are used, along with translation method. We come to conclusion that cultural concepts considered per se as universal ways of conceptualizing reality play the role of pragmatic sense markers with additional cognitive effects in mediated discourse that are modelling cognitive processing of conceptual information explicitly or implicitly encoded within the given context of cross-cultural communication. The practical value of this article can be of significant relevance when investigating cognitive and functional aspects of discourse studies in modern linguistics, translation theory, cross-cultural communication, lexicographic studies, and language teaching

Cognitive dynamics of sense generation and verbalization processes in translation

A new insight into comprehensive research of rules and cognitive mechanisms of sense interaction within the edges of ongoing cross-cultural mediated communication has been provided by cognitive approach in modern linguistics and translation theory. Specific features and peculiarities within conceptual structuring of lexical units meaning in mediated discourse are of particular interest for investigation in the light of translation norm of adequacy and equivalence, along with speech act efficiency criteria. Our aim is to consider the Spanish concept «hecho diferencial» (e.g. catalán, vasco) and functioning thereof in Spanish media texts, along with differences in transferring semantic, encyclopedic, and pragmatic knowledge qualities within translation through the prism of cognitive semantics and translation theory postulates. Native speakers questionnaire method involving the RUDN-university Ph.D. students (103 n) from different countries, along with translation and semantic analysis methods are applied in this study. We conclude that modelling of cognitive transparency in perception and comprehension of such kind of concepts reflects dialectical essence of cognitive processes within translation for it facilitates adequacy in linguistic presenting of knowledge and restoration of the referential situation presuppositions of the source language, pragmatic context thereof, and cognitive space in target language as well. The article has practical value for researches in linguistics, translation and ?rosscultural communication

Эпидемиология целиакии в мире

The review presents the data on the prevalence of celiac disease in various world regions. The numbers of patients with celiac disease continues to rise every year. According to some authors, this is to be related not only to improvement in diagnosis, but to other extrinsic factors, as well, that require additional studies. In the 1980s the prevalence of this disease was 1.05%, and by the beginning of 2000s, it amounted to 1.99%. In particular, from 1993 to 2002 in Britain its incidence increased from 6 to 13.3 per 100,000. Both raised awareness of doctors and conduction of epidemiological studies play a decisive role in the improvement of the diagnosis of celiac disease. The information cumulated up to now makes it possible to conclude that the highest diagnostic rates of celiac disease can be found in the risk groups. They include 1st and 2nd degree relatives of patients with celiac disease, patients with autoimmune disorders (type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thyroiditis); those with clinical signs of an intestinal disorder, such as chronic diarrhea, as well as patients with anemia, osteoporosis and high transaminase levels of unknown origin. According to the Finnish epidemiological study, the prevalence of celiac disease, depending on the risk group, may vary from 6.6 to 16.3%. The guidelines by the American College of Gastroenterology, British Society of Gastroenterology, North-American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, and the Russian Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Celiac Disease in Adults and Children all recommend thorough examination of patients from the risk groups. Active diagnosis of celiac disease (screening) has been recognized as one of the approaches to primary prevention to autoimmune disorders and cancer.В обзоре приведены сведения о  распространенности целиакии в различных регионах мира. Количество больных целиакией продолжает увеличиваться с каждым годом. По мнению некоторых авторов, это связано не только с улучшением диагностики, но и с другими внешними факторами, требующими дополнительного исследования. Если в 80-х гпрошлого века распространенность этого заболевания составляла 1,05%, то в начале 2000-х данный показатель достиг 1,99%. В частности, в Великобритании в период с 1993 по 2002 заболеваемость возросла с 6 до 13,3 на 100 тыс. Решающую роль в улучшении диагностики целиакии играет повышение осведомленности врачей о заболевании и проведение эпидемиологических исследований. Накопленная к  настоящему времени информация дает основания утверждать, что наибольшая частота выявления целиакии отмечена в группах риска, к которым относят родственников первой и второй степени родства больных целиакией; больных с аутоиммунной патологией (сахарный диабет 1-го  типа, аутоиммунный тиреоидит); больных с клинической симптоматикой со стороны кишечника  – хроническими поносами, а  также с  анемией, остеопорозом; больных с гипертрансаминаземией неуточненной этиологии. По данным эпидемиологического исследования, проведенного в Финляндии, частота целиакии в зависимости от группы риска варьирует от 6,6 до 16,3%. Тщательное обследование пациентов из групп риска предписывается рекомендациями Американской ассоциации гастроэнтерологов, Британского общества гастроэнтерологов, Североамериканского общества педиатрической гастроэнтерологии, Всероссийским консенсусом по диагностике и  лечению целиакии взрослых и детей. Активная диагностика (скрининг) целиакии признана одним из способов первичной профилактики аутоиммунных и онкологических заболеваний

The Mosaic of Ecological Discourse in the Light of Translation Studies and Cognition

Built around complex doctrinal approaches to interactions among human and natural systems and characterized by increasing dynamism, ecological scientific discourse tends to set sights on the interdisciplinarity facet of researches and has its own relevant specificities of language use that are to be paid special attention in what regards science education. In the context of cross-border scientific communication and polylogue as to environmental concerns and agenda suffused by emanation of new concepts, neologisms, and innovative theories, particular relevance is acquired by potential symmetry of presuppositional conditions, including linguistic, cultural, and scientific competencies of communicants that determine the common background of knowledge, essential for ensuring that the information is adequately sent and received, as well as the spatio-temporal limits of a given discourse, in terms of analysis, at which this article is aimed, within the frames of comparison of specificities that characterize the way in which certain parts of knowledge or human experience is reflected in language throughout the process of mediated cross-cultural cross-linguistic scientific communication, along with efficiency and scope of translator's choice and creativity. The methods of semantic and comparative analyses, as well as the method of translation, and the questionnaire method are used in this study. Ph.D. students of RUDN-university (n 78) from different countries with different mother-tongue backgrounds learning academic writing in the English and the Spanish languages participated in the questionnaire. By way of conclusion, cognitive approach to semiotic and functional potential of ecological discourse, to the structures of knowledge and conventional ways of objectivization thereof within cognitive environment, to linking or relating knowledge of field data with language competence enhance motivation of Ph.D. students to participate in cross-linguistic cross-cultural scientific communication. The practical value of this study can be relevant for language teaching, language acquisition, translation studies, intercultural communication and discourse researches

Modern Scientific Communication and its Efficacy through the Prism of Science Education: Dialectic Interaction between Cognition and Discourse Phenomena

In recent decades, in the light of globalization processes particular role attributed to scientific articles as one of the most efficient means of cross-cultural cross-linguistic scientific communication dynamizing creation of new concepts, categories, theories, and scientific values, including those based on interdisciplinarity, has reinforced complex issues concerning equivalence of thesauruses of communication participants and structuring of the information flow, which are of special interest in what regards science education. Intensified multidimensional dialogue of cultures, scientific schools, and fields of knowledge inevitable requires flexible tools and instruments designed to standardize and structuralize written scientific discourse, inter alia, standardized connectors and compositional formulas or recurrent lexical and grammar constructions to be adequately perceived and efficiently applied by Ph.D. students. Analyzing the instruments and tools referred to above, what represents the aim of this article, we apply the following methods: comparative analysis, the method of translation and the questionnaire method which engaged Ph.D. students of RUDN-university (n-95) from different countries learning academic writing in different scientific fields where the English and the Spanish languages are used as a second foreign language by learners with different mother-tongue backgrounds. We conclude that, while providing a map for researchers’ creativity or discretion in interpretation and linguistic representation of accumulated research data, recurrent standard constructions, which form part of the structure of text mechanism that reflects universal schemes of the processes of perception, comprehension, and representation of scientific phenomena and processes in their integrity and dynamics, enable the forming of Ph.D. students’ own theoretical projections, models and approaches, as well as focusing on polylogue with other scholars in the context of scientific communication. This article is of practical value for cross-linguistic studies, language and translation teaching, foreign language acquisition, translation and interpretation studies

Language and Translation: Interdisciplinary Effort and Synergetic Effect

Discourse oriented approach to language in translation acquires clear interdisciplinary concern that can be addressed from different focuses: cognitive science, linguistics, sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, pragmatics, artificial intelligence, etc. that have marked synergetic effect for mediated scientific communication. Complex interrelated problems inherent to cognitive and linguistic structuring and processing of information within mediated communication imply the need for efficient strategies of neutralization of differences arising between contacting languages, cultures, and scientific traditions viewed through the prism of communicative equivalence, inter alia, in different fields of knowledge. This article is aimed at analyzing specificities intrinsic to the interrelation between cognition, language and communication that are crucial for sign's real meaning flexibility within cognitive processing and linguistic presenting of knowledge within pragmatic presuppositions and implications, discourse inferencing encumbered by multifaceted phenomena of interdisciplinarity and translation. The methods of comparative and semantic analysis, as well as the method of translation and the questionnaire method find application in this research. The questionary engaged Ph.D. students from RUDN-university (n=112) from different countries, such as Russia, Albania, Algeria, China, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Jordan, Kirghizia, Vietnam, etc. We come to the conclusion that the role of an efficient tool for resolving a wide scope of problems concerning the functioning of language with respect to different areas of human knowledge in the context of mediated communication is acquired by the interdisciplinary effort that facilitates effectiveness of sense generation, perception, and interpretation within translator's activity aimed at achieving adequacy and equivalence when modelling cognitive space that ensures possibilities for the reconstruction of communication presuppositions and reinforces functional and semiotic potential of the mediated discourse in the target language. The article is of practical value for linguistics, theory and practice of translation, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and discourse studies