Experimental animal models of scoliosis for understanding the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis

Idiopathic scoliosis is a common disease of the musculoskeletal system, affecting 2–3% of children and adolescents worldwide. The etiology and pathogenesis of scoliotic spinal deformity have not yet been disclosed, despite numerous long-term studies. Animal modeling of scoliosis can become the basis for studying possible etiological factors and pathogenetic mechanisms of the formation of the pathology in question and the prospects for possible treatment of scoliosis in the future. To date, many different types of models of scoliotic disease have been created and studied. The purpose of this review was to analyze the literature data on animal modeling of scoliosis in order to understand the etiological factor of idiopathic scoliosis in humans. Material and methods. The review was carried out using databases of electronic information resources PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, eLibrary.ru. The analysis of scientific literature was carried out according to the search words: “idiopathic scoliosis”, “experimental model of scoliosis”, “animal model of scoliosis”, “mechanical models of scoliosis”, “pineal gland resection models”, “genetic models of scoliosis”. Results. The analysis of scientific literature data confirms the high importance of experimental animal models of scoliosis for the study of the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. The review summarizes and analyzes data on the main directions of modeling scoliotic deformity: mechanical, neuroendocrine and genetic models. Conclusions. The models of scoliosis presented in the literature have been implemented with varying degrees of success and have not been able to clarify the etiology of spinal pathology, but they are a useful tool for testing interventions aimed at correcting and preventing deformity. The development of an optimal experimental model of scoliosis in animals will further overcome the existing limitations in determining the etiological factor of idiopathic scoliosis and describe the processes of disease development characteristic of humans

Congenital dislocation of the hip – theories, etiological and predisposing factors (risk factors)

According to current statistics worldwide, congenital orthopedic pathologies rank second quantitatively after congenital diseases of the nervous system. Congenital dislocation of the hip is one of the most common and severe pathologies of the musculoskeletal system in children and adolescents. The theories of its development and etiological factors are not only of historical interest but also create prerequisites for determining the true cause of this complex process. The problem of predicting the development of hip dysplasia remains relevant. The practical significance lies in determining the etiological factor (predisposing or risk factors) of the disease onset or manifestation. Analysis of the literature suggests that hip dysplasia is based on a genetic substrate as an etiological factor. Predisposing factors only increase the risk of pathology manifestation. Further studies to determine the etiological factor will make it possible to formulate more specific recommendations for the management of patients with hip dysplasia and possibly expand the methods of prevention and conservative treatment

Two-particle decays of B_c meson into charmonium states

The factorization of hard and soft contributions into the hadronic decays of B_c meson at large recoils is explored in order to evaluate the decay rates into the S, P and D-wave charmonia associated with rho and pi. The constraints of approach applicability and uncertainties of numerical estimates are discussed. The mode with the J/psi in the final state is evaluated taking into account the cascade radiative electromagnetic decays of excited P-wave states, that enlarges the branching ratio by 20-25%.Comment: 13 pages, LaTeX axodraw-style, 1 figure, 2 table

Method for preserving the viability of a chicken embryo with a shell defect in experiment

The egg has always been and remains an ideal object for conducting various scientific research. An egg is an isolated egg cell outside the mother’s body. Therefore, it is an ideal object for studying embryogenesis and performing various manipulations during embryogenesis and before the birth of a viable organism. The existing methods allow conducting experimental manipulations with the embryo in  situ, inside the egg shells without damaging them. However, the achievement of ideal parameters for closing the defect of the fertilized egg shell in the experiment is the key to  the successful completion of the experiment. Periods of embryogenesis, especially at the last stage, when osteogenesis occurs, require the presence of a sufficient amount of calcium ions in the metabolism of the developing chicken, which are vital for the formation of a full-fledged chicken.The aim: to develop an optimal method for closing the defect and fixing the egg shell after manipulation or during the experiment.Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on fertile eggs of the breed of chickens – meat breed of broilers Ross-308 (ROSS-308), JSC Poultry Farm “NovoBaryshevskaya” (Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russian Federation). In the experiment, 120 fertilized eggs were used. Eggs weighing 60–70 g were incubated at a temperature of 37.5–38.0 °C and 50–55 % humidity. Comparative anatomical and physiological parameters were evaluated on the 7th, 14th, 20th day of incubation and on the 1st day of the postnatal period. In the experimental group, the shell defect was covered with a fragment of the egg shell of the donor. Incubation was carried out in an incubator – a household incubator “Nesushka” (Novosibirsk, Russian Federation).Results. The proposed method of fixing and closing the defect of the fertilized egg shell excludes the use of foreign materials that have an adverse effect on the development of the embryo. There were no anatomical and physiological deviations in the chicks of the study group when comparing the indicators with the parameters in the comparison group and the Hamburger – Hamilton classification

Possibility of using the infrapatellar (Hoffa’s) fat pad as a source of autologous stem cells

Stem cells are the basis for the creation of tissue-engineered structures in regenerative medicine. The most well-studied sources of stem cells are the embryo and bone marrow. The use of embryonic cells is associated with ethical problems, and the collection of bone marrow is accompanied by invasive procedures. Using adipose tissue as a source of stem cells avoids these problems. But the collection of adipose tissue requires additional interventions, which does not exclude the occurrence of cosmetic defects. Aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the infrapatellar (Hoffa’s) fat pad.Material and methods. As a source of MSCs, tissue samples of Hoffa’s fat pad removed during the operation were used (8 cases), as a control - MSCs isolated from human adipose tissue (6 cases). MSCs were isolated using an enzymatic method. At the 3rd passage, phenotyping with specific antibodies against CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90, CD105 was performed by flow cytometry. Differentiation in the chondro- and osteogenic direction was carried out at the 3rd passage with the appropriate differentiation media. Chondrogenic differentiation was confirmed by staining with alcian blue, osteogenic - staining according to von Kossa.Results and discussion. Statistically significant decrease in CD105 expression, increase in CD73, CD34 expression and lack of adequate differentiation under standard conditions of differentiation media by MSCs isolated from the Hoffa’s fat pad compared to control was found. The data obtained indicate a discrepancy between the cells isolated from the Hoffa’s fat pad and the requirements for MSCs.Conclusion. The infrapatellar (Hoffa’s) fat pad_cannot be used as a source of standardized MSCs

History of the study of the neural crest (review)

The neural crest has long attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists and, more recently, clinical specialists, as research in recent decades has significantly expanded the boundaries of knowledge about the involvement of neural crest and neural crest cells in the development of human pathology. The neural crest and neural crest cells are a unique evolutionarily based embryonic structure. Its discovery completely changed the view of the process of embryogenesis. Knowledge of neural crest development sheds light on many of the most «established» questions of developmental biology and evolution. Our article will reflect on the historical stages of the discovery and study of the neural crest and the impact of this discovery on entrenched ideas about germ layer specificity and the theory of germ layers – the reasoning of the neural crest as the fourth germ layer. The aim of this review is to describe the history of the discovery and study of neural crest and neural crest cells based on an analysis of the literature. In writing this article, an analysis of the scientific literature was conducted using the search terms «neural crest», «neural crest cells», «neural crest cell morphology», «germinal layers» and «embryonic development» in the computer databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and eLibrary. The depth of the analytical search corresponds to the period of the discovery of the neural crest and the first mention of the neural crest as an embryonic morphological structure in the scientific literature. The information presented confirms the high interest of research scientists and clinical specialists in the study of neural crest and neural crest cells. The involvement of neural crest cells in the formation of somatic and musculoskeletal pathologies has received particular attention in recent decades. The literature sources are represented by 169 full-text manuscripts and monographs mainly in English. Conclusions. Neural crest and neural crest cells are unique evolutionary structures. Regularities of formation, reasons which condition migration, differentiation, interaction of neural crest cells with other structures during embryogenesis as well as their potential, which is realized in postnatal period, continue to be the subject of research up to now

Leptonic constants of heavy quarkonia in potential approach of NRQCD

We consider a general scheme for calculating the leptonic constant of heavy quarkonium QQ-bar in the framework of nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics, NRQCD, operating as the effective theory of nonrelativistic heavy quarks. We explore the approach of static potential in QCD, which takes into account both the evolution of effective charge in the three-loop approximation and the linearly raising potential term, which provides the quark confinement. The leptonic constants of bb-bar and cc-bar systems are evaluated by making use of two-loop anomalous dimension for the current of nonrelativistic quarks, where the factor for the normalization of matrix element is introduced in order to preserve the renormalization group invariance of estimates.Comment: 18 pages, 6 eps-figures, discussion and references added, vNRQCD analysis considere

ВЛИЯНИЕ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ЭНДОПРОТЕЗОВ НА СОСТОЯНИЕ ЯИЧКОВОГО КРОВОТОКА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ, ОПЕРИРОВАННЫХ ПО ПОВОДУ ПАХОВЫХ ГРЫЖ

The article analyzes the short-and long-term outcomes of 42 male patients operated on inguinal hernia with the aid of liechtenstein’s technique. The modern classification of inguinal hernias, proposed by nyhus, has been  used.  Widely used  prostheses "Esfil" ("linteks", St. Petersburg), and polypropylene implants  modified by a coating  of polyhydroxyalkanoates have been studied.It is proved that the frequency to the remote and some early stent-related complications as well as the  rate  of  change of  the  linear  velocity of  blood  flow  in the  vessels  of  the groin with the  help of   the  Doppler ultrasound (USDg) are affected by the  choice of the endoprosthesis. In this case,  the best  results were observed in the study group, where  the implants were used, modified by PgA-coating. В статье проанализированы ближайшие и отдаленные результаты лечения  42 пациентов-мужчин, оперированных по поводу  паховых грыж с помощью техники Лихтенштейна.  Использована современная классификация паховых грыж, предложенная nyhus. Изучены  широко  используемые протезы  «Эсфил»  («Линтекс»,  Санкт-Петербург),  а также  полипропиленовые эндопротезы, модифицированные покрытием из полигидроксиалканоатов. Доказано влияние выбора эндопротеза на частоту отдаленных, а также некоторых ранних  эндопротез-ассоциированных осложнений на  степень  изменения  скорости линейного кровотока в сосудах  паховой области с помощью метода  ультразвуковой допплерографии (УЗДГ). При этом лучшие  результаты наблюдались в исследуемой группе, где применялись эндопротезы, модифицированные ПГА-покрытием

ПРОФИЛАКТИКА РАНЕВЫХ ОСЛОЖНЕНИЙ У БОЛЬНЫХ С ПОСЛЕОПЕРАЦИОННЫМИ ВЕНТРАЛЬНЫМИ ГРЫЖАМИ

The efficacy of prevention of wound complications was evaluated in 152 patiens aged 33 to 76 years with large incisional ventral hernias, undergone to allohernioplasty with a use of  tree  methods for  wound  drainage, i.e. traditional vacuum  drainage Redone,  drainage Blake Drains and UnoVac drainage system. In cases of traditional vacuum  drainage, serous inflammation was noted in 14%, infiltrate in 9%,  wound  abscess  in 2%. In cases of using Blake Drains serous inflammation was noted in 6%,  UnoVac – in 4%, while wound  abscess and infiltrate were not observed at all.В работе представлена оценка эффективности профилактики раневых осложнений при аллогерниопластике у 152 пациентов в возрасте от 33 до 76 лет с большими послеоперационными вентральными грыжами с использованием трех способов дренирования раны – традиционного вакуумного  по Редону, дренажей Blake Drains и дренажной системы  UnoVac. При дренировании по Редону серома образовалась у 14% больных, инфильтрат – у 9%,  нагноение у 2%. При использовании Blake Drains серома образовалась у 6%,  UnoVac у 4%, инфильтратов и нагноения раны не наблюдалось

ПРОФИЛАКТИКА ПОСЛЕОПЕРАЦИОННОЙ ГНОЙНОЙ ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ ПРИ РАКЕ ПРЯМОЙ КИШКИ

The results of treatment of 146 patients with colorectal cancer are shown. In 52 patients underwent surgery alone. 42 patients before surgery was performed radiotherapy scheme ROD 5 gy (x 5 days) to ODS 25 gy. 48 patients was performed with combined treatment by the original method. To reduce  the risk of postoperative purulent complications developed using  a  set  of  preventive  measures, the  use  of  which  reduces the  incidence  of  septic complications in 5.7%.В работе представлены результаты лечения 146 больных раком прямой кишки. У 52  пациента  проведено  только  хирургическое  лечение.  42-м  больным  до  операции проведена крупнофракционная лучевая терапия по схеме РОД 5 Гр (х5 дней) до СОД 25 Гр, у 48  пациентов с комбинированным лечением – по оригинальной методике. Для  снижения риска  послеоперационных гнойно-воспалительных осложнений использовали разработанный комплекс  профилактических мероприятий, использование которого  позволяет снизить частоту гнойно-септических осложнений на 5,7%