Effects of an exercise and hypocaloric healthy eating intervention on indices of psychological health status, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and immune function after early-stage breast cancer : a randomised controlled trial

INTRODUCTION: Many women experience emotional distress, depression and anxiety after a diagnosis of breast cancer. Psychological stress and depression have been associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation that may adversely affect immune system functioning and impact upon survival. This study investigated the effects of a lifestyle intervention on indices of psychological health status, HPA axis regulation and immune function in overweight women recovering from early-stage breast cancer treatment. METHODS: A total of 85 women treated for breast cancer 3 to 18 months previously were randomly allocated to a 6-month exercise and hypocaloric healthy eating program plus usual care or usual care alone (control group). Women in the intervention group received three supervised exercise sessions per week and individualized dietary advice, supplemented by weekly nutrition seminars. Depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory version II: BDI-II), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale: PSS), salivary diurnal cortisol rhythms; inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and Tumor necrosis factor-α), leukocyte phenotype counts, natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and lymphocyte proliferation following mitogenic stimulation were assessed at baseline and 6-month follow up. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the intervention group exhibited a reduction in depressive symptoms (adjusted mean difference, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): -3.12, -1.03 to -5.26; P = 0.004) at the 6-month follow-up but no significant decrease in PSS scores (-2.07, -4.96 to 0.82; P = 0.16). The lifestyle intervention also had a significant impact on diurnal salivary cortisol rhythm compared with usual care alone, as evidenced by an increase in morning salivary cortisol at the 6-month follow-up (P <0.04), indicating a change in HPA axis regulation. Women in the control group had higher total leukocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts in comparison to the intervention group at the 6-month follow-up (P ≤0.05), whereas there was no difference in NK cell counts (P = 0.46), NK cell cytotoxicity (P = 0.85) or lymphocyte proliferation responses (P = 0.11) between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the lifestyle intervention resulted in a reduction in depressive symptoms and a normalisation of HPA axis regulation. Such changes could have important implications for long-term survival in women recovering from early-breast cancer treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials: ISRCTN08045231

Regularity of Edge Ideals and Their Powers

We survey recent studies on the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of edge ideals of graphs and their powers. Our focus is on bounds and exact values of $\text{ reg } I(G)$ and the asymptotic linear function $\text{ reg } I(G)^q$, for $q \geq 1,$ in terms of combinatorial data of the given graph $G.$Comment: 31 pages, 15 figure

On the future of astrostatistics: statistical foundations and statistical practice

This paper summarizes a presentation for a panel discussion on "The Future of Astrostatistics" held at the Statistical Challenges in Modern Astronomy V conference at Pennsylvania State University in June 2011. I argue that the emerging needs of astrostatistics may both motivate and benefit from fundamental developments in statistics. I highlight some recent work within statistics on fundamental topics relevant to astrostatistical practice, including the Bayesian/frequentist debate (and ideas for a synthesis), multilevel models, and multiple testing. As an important direction for future work in statistics, I emphasize that astronomers need a statistical framework that explicitly supports unfolding chains of discovery, with acquisition, cataloging, and modeling of data not seen as isolated tasks, but rather as parts of an ongoing, integrated sequence of analyses, with information and uncertainty propagating forward and backward through the chain. A prototypical example is surveying of astronomical populations, where source detection, demographic modeling, and the design of survey instruments and strategies all interact.Comment: 8 pp, 2 figures. To appear in "Statistical Challenges in Modern Astronomy V," (Lecture Notes in Statistics, Vol. 209), ed. Eric D. Feigelson and G. Jogesh Babu; publication planned for Sep 2012; see http://www.springer.com/statistics/book/978-1-4614-3519-

Family-focused campus-based university event increases perceived knowledge, science capital and aspirations across a wide demographic

Creative ways of delivering informal science events in community settings are viewed as key to engaging new audiences and participants whom scientists find hard to reach, however, the impact of ‘formal’ setting events is often overlooked. Here, through a mixed-methods approach, we analyse a large-scale family-focused public engagement event hosted within a university campus setting. We aimed to explore the profile of visitors attending together with the impact and perceived knowledge gained. Analysis from two consecutive years of data collection found that the university-based event attracted new visitors annually, with almost half having not attended other science events/attractions within the last year. An increase in perceived knowledge was shown amongst all study participants, being significantly amplified in those from low progression to higher education postcode areas. Both immediate and longer-term positive impact was reported by participants with increases in components of science capital observed as well as enhanced positive perception of the university and its students. This data exemplifies the benefit of university-hosted events in widening participation and public understanding of science

The chemokine receptor CXCR2 and coronavirus-induced neurologic disease.

Inoculation with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) into the central nervous system (CNS) of susceptible strains of mice results in an acute encephalomyelitis in which virus preferentially replicates within glial cells while excluding neurons. Control of viral replication during acute disease is mediated by infiltrating virus-specific T cells via cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity, however sterile immunity is not achieved and virus persists resulting in chronic neuroinflammation associated with demyelination. CXCR2 is a chemokine receptor that upon binding to specific ligands promotes host defense through recruitment of myeloid cells to the CNS as well as protecting oligodendroglia from cytokine-mediated death in response to MHV infection. These findings highlight growing evidence of the diverse and important role of CXCR2 in regulating neuroinflammatory diseases

Study protocol to investigate the effect of a lifestyle intervention on body weight, psychological health status and risk factors associated with disease recurrence in women recovering from breast cancer treatment

Background Breast cancer survivors often encounter physiological and psychological problems related to their diagnosis and treatment that can influence long-term prognosis. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of a lifestyle intervention on body weight and psychological well-being in women recovering from breast cancer treatment, and to determine the relationship between changes in these variables and biomarkers associated with disease recurrence and survival. Methods/design Following ethical approval, a total of 100 patients will be randomly assigned to a lifestyle intervention (incorporating dietary energy restriction in conjunction with aerobic exercise training) or normal care control group. Patients randomised to the dietary and exercise intervention will be given individualised healthy eating dietary advice and written information and attend moderate intensity aerobic exercise sessions on three to five days per week for a period of 24 weeks. The aim of this strategy is to induce a steady weight loss of up to 0.5 Kg each week. In addition, the overall quality of the diet will be examined with a view to (i) reducing the dietary intake of fat to ~25% of the total calories, (ii) eating at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day, (iii) increasing the intake of fibre and reducing refined carbohydrates, and (iv) taking moderate amounts of alcohol. Outcome measures will include body weight and body composition, psychological health status (stress and depression), cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life. In addition, biomarkers associated with disease recurrence, including stress hormones, estrogen status, inflammatory markers and indices of innate and adaptive immune function will be monitored. Discussion This research will provide valuable information on the effectiveness of a practical, easily implemented lifestyle intervention for evoking positive effects on body weight and psychological well-being, two important factors that can influence long-term prognosis in breast cancer survivors. However, the added value of the study is that it will also evaluate the effects of the lifestyle intervention on a range of biomarkers associated with disease recurrence and survival. Considered together, the results should improve our understanding of the potential role that lifestyle-modifiable factors could play in saving or prolonging lives

A.P.O. rules are asymptotically non deficient for estimation with squared error loss

The problem considered is sequential estimation of the mean θ of a one-parameter exponential family of distributions with squared error loss for estimation error and a cost c >0 for each of an i.i.d. sequence of potential observations X 1 , X 2 ,...A Bayesian approach is adopted, and natural conjugate prior distributions are assumed. For this problem, the asymptotically pointwise optimal (A.P.O.) procedure continues sampling until the posterior variance of θ is less than c (r 0 +n), where n is the sample size and r 0 is the fictitous sample size implicit in the conjugate prior distribution. It is known that the A.P.O. procedure is Bayes risk efficient, under mild integrability conditions. In fact, the Bayes risk of both the optimal and A.P.O. procedures are asymptotic to 2 V 0 √c , as c →0, where V 0 is the prior expectation of the standard deviation of X 1 given θ . Here the A.P.O. rule is shown to be asymptotically non-deficient, under stronger regularity conditions: that is, the difference between the Bayes risk of the A.P.O. rule and the Bayes risk of the optimal procedure is of smaller order of magnitude than c , the cost of a single observation, as c →0. The result is illustrated in the exponential and Bernoulli cases, and extended to the case of a normal distribution with both the mean and variance unknown.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47653/1/440_2004_Article_BF00542639.pd

Gene expression profiling of the astrocyte transcriptome in multiple sclerosis normal appearing white matter reveals a neuroprotective role

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). White matter lesions in MS are surrounded by areas of non-demyelinated normal appearing white matter (NAWM) with complex pathology, including blood brain barrier dysfunction, axonal damage and glial activation. Astrocytes, the most abundant cell type within the CNS, may respond and/or contribute to lesion pathogenesis. We aimed to characterise the transcriptomic profile of astrocytes in NAWM to determine whether specific glial changes exist in the NAWM which contribute to lesion development or prevent disease progression. Astrocytes were isolated from control and NAWM by laser capture microdissection (LCM), using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as a marker, and the astrocyte transcriptome determined using microarray analysis. 452 genes were significantly differentially expressed (208 up-regulated and 244 down-regulated, FC ≥ 1.5 and p-value ≤ 0.05). Within the NAWM, astrocytes were associated with significant upregulation of genes involved in the control of iron homeostasis (including metallothionein-1 and -2, ferritin light chain and transferrin), oxidative stress responses, the immune response and neurotrophic support. These findings suggest a neuroprotective role of astrocytes in the NAWM in M