Авария 1957 года: радиационная обстановка и дозы облучения участников ликвидации аварии на территории промышленной площадки ПО «Маяк»

Purpose: to assess the radiation situation on the industrial site of the PA “Mayak” during the accident in 1957 and the radiation doses of the participants in the liquidation of consequences of this accident. Materials and methods: on the basis of the archival documents analysis, radiation situation data for 1957 – 1960, IDC data and calculated doses of the Mayak workers, as well as supporting organizations personnel and military units involved in the liquidation of the accident consequences and covered by individual monitoring are presented. Results: in 1957 – 1959 about 38,5 thousand people took part in the works on the territory of the PA “Mayak” industrial site for liquidation of consequences of the accident, including persons exposed at the time of the accident: employees of “Mayak”, military and civil builders. Radiation doses from 25 to 30 R received about 10,5 thousand people, while there were single cases of exposure in doses up to 100 R. Conclusion: the collective dose received during the accident and liquidation of its consequences in 1957 was about 820 000 person-R. Collective doses recorded in 1958 and 1959 amounted to 250 000 person-R and 54 000 person-R, respectively.Цель исследования: оценить радиационную обстановку на территории промплощадки ПО «Маяк», сформировавшуюся в результате аварии 1957 г., а также дозовые нагрузки на лиц, принимавших участие в ликвидации последствий этой аварии. Материалы и методы: на основании анализа архивных документов, данных журналов радиационной обстановки за 1957–1960 гг., картотеки индивидуального дозиметрического контроля и проведенных расчетов представлены материалы по измеренным и расчетным дозам облучения как работников ПО «Маяк», так и лиц сторонних организаций и воинских частей, привлеченных к ликвидации последствий аварии и охваченных индивидуальным контролем. Результаты: в работах по ликвидации последствий аварии на территории промышленной площадки ПО «Маяк» в 1957–1959 гг. приняли участие 38,5 тыс. человек, включая лиц, облученных непосредственно в момент аварии, а также работников ПО «Маяк», военных и гражданских строителей, принимавших участие в ликвидации последствий аварии. Дозы облучения от 25 до 30 Р получили около 10,5 тыс. человек, при этом имелись случаи облучения в дозах до 100 Р. Заключение: коллективная доза, полученная во время аварии и при ликвидации ее последствий в 1957–1959 гг., составила ≈820 тыс.чел.-Р, из них 457 тыс. чел.-Р за счет облучения военнослужащих и заключенных 10 лаготделения в момент и первые часы после аварии. Коллективные дозы, зарегистрированные в 4 квартале 1957 г., в 1958 и 1959 гг. у участников ликвидации последствий аварии составили 50 тыс.чел.-Р, 250 тыс.чел.-Р и 54 тыс.чел.-Р соответственно

Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements of absorbed dose in teeth from citizens of Ozyorsk.

In 1945, within the frame of the Uranium Project for the production of nuclear weapons, the Mayak nuclear facilities were constructed at the Lake Irtyash in the Southern Urals, Russia. The nuclear workers of the Mayak Production Association (MPA), who lived in the city of Ozyorsk, are the focus of epidemiological studies for the assessment of health risks due to protracted exposure to ionising radiation. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements of absorbed dose in tooth enamel have already been used in the past, in an effort to validate occupational external doses that were evaluated in the Mayak Worker Dosimetry System. In the present study, 229 teeth of Ozyorsk citizens not employed at MPA were investigated for the assessment of external background exposure in Ozyorsk. The annually absorbed dose in tooth enamel from natural background radiation was estimated to be (0.7 ± 0.3) mGy. For citizens living in Ozyorsk during the time of routine noble gas releases of the MPA, which peaked in 1953, the average excess absorbed dose in enamel above natural background was (36 ± 29) mGy, which is consistent with the gamma dose obtained by model calculations. In addition, there were indications of possible accidental gaseous MPA releases that affected the population of Ozyorsk, during the early and late MPA operation periods, before 1951 and after 1960

The 1957 accident: radiological situation and radiation doses of participants in the liquidation of the accident on the territory of PA “Mayak” industrial site

Purpose: to assess the radiation situation on the industrial site of the PA “Mayak” during the accident in 1957 and the radiation doses of the participants in the liquidation of consequences of this accident. Materials and methods: on the basis of the archival documents analysis, radiation situation data for 1957 – 1960, IDC data and calculated doses of the Mayak workers, as well as supporting organizations personnel and military units involved in the liquidation of the accident consequences and covered by individual monitoring are presented. Results: in 1957 – 1959 about 38,5 thousand people took part in the works on the territory of the PA “Mayak” industrial site for liquidation of consequences of the accident, including persons exposed at the time of the accident: employees of “Mayak”, military and civil builders. Radiation doses from 25 to 30 R received about 10,5 thousand people, while there were single cases of exposure in doses up to 100 R. Conclusion: the collective dose received during the accident and liquidation of its consequences in 1957 was about 820 000 person-R. Collective doses recorded in 1958 and 1959 amounted to 250 000 person-R and 54 000 person-R, respectively