Метод повышения эффективности технологического процесса склейки линз и достоверная оценка выходных контролируемых параметров

The use of glued lens components in optical devices improves the image quality of telescopic and photographic lenses or inverting systems by eliminating a number of aberrations, and also reduces light losses in the optical system of the device. The traditional production process of lenses gluing involves the sequential execution of a set of technological operations and takes a significant period of time. The purpose of the research was to improve the accuracy and productivity of the technological process of lenses gluing by improving the optical system of the control and measuring device and automating the operation of lenses optical axes combining by introducing an electronic reference system and mechanisms for micro-movements of optical parts.A technique is proposed for centering of two and three-component optical blocks by an autocollimation flare which provides a matching accuracy of less than 0.5 μm. The possibility of constructive modernization of the classic ST-41 autocollimation microscope with parallel separation of the displayed output information in the visual and television channels is shown. An automated system for controlling of the process of convergence of autocollimation points in the device is proposed. Using software methods an electronic grid template is formed on the monitor screen, onto which images of autocollimation points are projected. The decentering value 2Δe is determined and a corrective control voltage is applied to three stepper motors and pushers for transverse movement of the glued optical part.Specialized software has been developed for automatically bringing the position of the autocollimating crosshair to the center of the measuring scale of the grid based on a combination of two methods of “least squares” and “successive approximation”. Compliance with a number of technological transitions and the accompanying control of geometric parameters make it possible to achieve greater accuracy in determining the eccentricity of the crosshairs of the aligned optical axes of the glued lenses. Применение в оптических приборах склеенных линзовых компонентов позволяет повысить качество изображения телескопических и фотографических объективов или оборачивающих систем за счёт устранения ряда аберраций, а также обеспечивает уменьшение световых потерь в оптической системе прибора. Традиционный производственный процесс склеивания линз предусматривает последовательное выполнение комплекса технологических операций и занимает существенный промежуток времени. Цель исследований заключалась в повышении точности и производительности технологического процесса склейки линз за счёт совершенствования оптической системы контрольно-измерительного прибора и автоматизации операции совмещения оптических осей линз путём введения электронной системы отсчёта и механизмов для микроперемещений оптических деталей.Предложена методика центрирования двух- и трёхкомпонентных оптических блоков по автоколлимационному блику, обеспечивающая точность совмещения менее 0,5 мкм. Показана возможность  конструктивной  модернизации  классического  автоколлимационного  микроскопа СТ-41  с  параллельным  разделением  отображаемой  выходной  информации  в  визуальном  и телевизионном каналах. Предложена автоматизированная система управления процессом сведения автоколлимационных точек в приборе. Программными методами на экране монитора формируется шаблон электронной сетки, на которую проецируются изображения автоколлимационных точек, определяется величина децентричности 2Δe и подаётся корректирующее управляющее напряжение на три шаговых двигателя и толкатели для поперечной подвижки приклеиваемой оптической детали. Разработано специализированное программное обеспечение для автоматического сведения положения автоколлимационного перекрестия в центр измерительной шкалы сетки, основанное на сочетании двух методов – «наименьших квадратов» и «последовательного приближения». Соблюдение ряда технологических переходов и сопутствующий контроль геометрических параметров позволяют добиться большей точности при определении величины эксцентриситета перекрестия совмещаемых оптических осей

THE ASSOCIATION OF DEPRESSION WITH C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (THE DATA OF ESSE-RF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY)

Aim. To study the association of depression with a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level, taking into account the main risk factors and noncommunicable diseases in Russia residents.Material and methods. The data of ESSE-RF multicenter study (a representative sample of the unorganized male and female population aged 25-64 years from 8 regions surveyed in 2012-2014) were used in the work. A total 11884 people were involved into the study including 35.9% men. The examination included a survey on the standard questionnaire containing data on disease history, etc. The level of depression was assessed by the validated in Russian Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS, 1983). hsCRP level was determined in all patients.Results. The continuing association between elevated levels of depression (HADS-D ≥8+) and high level of hsCRP ≥3.0 mg/l (odds ratio [OR] 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.27; p=0.009) was found in the multivariate model, after adjustment for sex, age, education, and risk factors. Reducing of the relationship of elevated levels of depression with a high level of hsCRP (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.00-1.24; p=0.048) was found with the additional introduction of diseases in the model. This relationship was reduced to not statistically significant level (OR 1.08; 95% CI 0.98-1.20; p=0.134) in the full model adjusted for regions.Conclusion. The reduced association of depression with hsCRP ajusted for aggregate risk factors was found in the study. This suggests about multifactor affecting on this relationship

Non-High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Modern Benchmark for Assessing Lipid Metabolism Disorders

Aim. To perform a population analysis of Non-High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol level (non-HDL-c) in Russian population and to evaluate its association with cardiovascular events.Material and Methods. The material consisted of results obtained from 11 regions of the ESSE-RF1 Study and from 4 regions of the ESSE-RF2 Study. Study protocols were identical. The studies were performed in 2012-2014 and 2017, respectively. Endpoints were assessed in 19041 people aged 35-64 years. The median follow-up was 6.5 years in ESSE RF (1) and 3.8 years in ESSE RF(2). Analysis was performed for three lipid variables: total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-HDLC in two samples: the general population sample and the same sample without individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction (MI) and/or stroke history and not taking statins (the population sample of "without a history of cardiovascular diseases [CVD]". The analysis of nonlinear associations was performed using the generalized additive Cox model. The combined cardiovascular endpoint was represented by cardiovascular death and nonfatal MI and stroke. Traditional and laboratory FRs, socio-demographic parameters were analyzed. The significance level for all tested hypotheses was set to be 0.05.Results. The prevalence of elevated non-HDL-C level (>3.7 mmol/l) was found to be 74.6%. No gender differences were found: there was 74.6% for men and 74.5% for women. Both mean values and prevalence of elevated non-HDL-C were increased with age in women, and its level was slightly decreased in men after 55 years old. Almost all analyzed RFs were significantly associated with elevated non-HDL-C in these two population samples. In both samples elevated total CH and elevated LDL-C were associated with all-cause mortality after correction for all RFs. On the contrary, the non-HDL-C was associated with CVD combined end pints. It has been shown that the risk of these end points increases uniformly with increase in levels of non HDL cholesterol, no nonlinear associations were found.Conclusion. The results of a population-based analysis of non-HDL-C performed in the Russian population for the first time confirmed that elevated non-HDL-C levels contribute significantly to determining the risk of cardiovascular events in the medium term. It can be assumed that the new risk scales (SCORE2 and SCORE OP) proposed by the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Preventive Cardiology, which include non-HDL C instead of TC, will allow adequate assessment of 10-year cardiovascular risk for Russians. However, continued monitoring of endpoints in order to obtain stable associations is required

MODERN PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AGRIBUSINESSES AND THEIR SOLUTIONS

The article is devoted to the study of contemporary problems of small business in agriculture and ways of overcoming them. On the basis of systematic analysis in the paper shows the importance of small businesses, it features in agriculture, investigated the factors inhibiting the establishment and development of small agrarian business, the reasons for their low efficiency. According to the results of the study suggested solutions to the identified problems

SUBFRACTION DISTRIBUTION OF APO B-CONTAINING LIPOPROTEINS DEPENDING ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE TARGET LEVEL OF LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS UNDER STATINS THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Aim. To reveal whether there are differences in subfractional distribution of apo B-containing lipoproteins in men and women with coronary atherosclerosis treated with statins depending on low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level.Material and methods. Patients aged 33-85 years with angiography documented coronary atherosclerosis were included into the study (n=133): 97 men (mean age 61±9.0 years) and 36 postmenopausal women (mean age 65±9.3 years). Patients were on statin therapy at least 6 months before admission: atorvastatin (10-40 mg/day), simvastatin (20-40 mg/day), rosuvastatin (10-40 mg/day) and pravastatin (20 mg/day). Subfractional apo B-containing lipoproteins distribution was analyzed by electrophoresis in a 3% polyacrylamide gel.Results. Men achieving target LDL cholesterol level (<2.5 mmol/l) as compared with those with higher LDL cholesterol level alongside with decreased proatherogenic lipids and apolipoproteins, had less atherogenic LDL subfractional profile: lower portion of LDL 2 (7.3±3.4 и 9.9±3.9%, p<0.01), small dense LDL 3 (1.3±1.2 и 2.2±2.2%, р<0.05), LDL 4 (0.2±0.2 и 0.3±0.5%, p<0.05), and concentration of cholesterol in this subfrtactions. These differences were associated with elevated mean size of LDL particles (270.8±3.0 vs 268.8±3.9 Å, p<0,01). On the other hand, women, despite achieving target LDL cholesterol level, had elevated apo B level and apo B/AI ratio without any differences in subfractional profile of low densities lipoproteins.Conclusion. In patients with coronary atherosclerosis treated with statins, antiatherogenic shifts in apo B-containing lipoproteins, decrease of cholesterol concentration subfractions coupled by elevation of mean LDL particle size were found only in men who reached target LDL cholesterol level

GENDER SPECIFICS OF SUBFRACTIONAL PLASMA LIPOPROTEIDS DISTRIBUTION

Aim. To find out, whether there is specifics of subfractional distribution of plasma  lipoproteides  in men  and  women depending  on coronary atherosclerosis.Material and methods. Totally 310 patients included (203 males, 107 females), underwent coronary arteriography; lesion of artery was assessed with Gensini Score  (GS). Subfractional spectrum  of plasma lipoproteides  was studied via electrophoresis in 3% polyacrylamid gel with Lipoprint system (Quantimetrix Lipoprint System, USA).Results. In the  group  without lesion (GS =0) gender  differences  of lipids, apolipoproteides and glucose utilization parameters were absent. Among coronary  atherosclerosis patients  (GS >0)  males  had  lower concentrations of low and high density cholesterol (LDL, HDL), as Apo A1 and Apo B. Males with GS =0, as with GS >0 differed from females by lower lipoproteides of intermediate density (LID) — LID B and LID A, and higher part of LDL 2 and small dense  particles LDL 3, but mean size of LDL particles was smaller. There were no differences in HDL subfractions distribution  among  men  and  women,  but  in men  only if  coronary atherosclerosis, there were lower cholesterol concentrations found in all HDL subfractions.Conclusion. Gender differences are revealed in subfractional spectrum of LID and LDL: in men regardless coronary atherosclerosis with the same and even lower level of LDL cholesterol there was accumulation of more atherogenic  small dense  LDL particles. Gender differences in the part of HDL subfractions were not found, but in men concentration of cholesterol in each of subfractions, with coronary lesion, was lower than in women

ATHEROGENIC NORMOLIPIDEMIA IN MEN WITH CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS: SOME PECULIARITIES OF SUBFRACTIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF APO B-CONTAINING LIPOPROTEINS

Background: Plasma apo B-containing lipoproteins of low densities represent a heterogeneous population of particles varying by physicochemical composition, functional activity, and atherogenicity. Aim: To study some peculiarities in low density lipoproteins subfractional distribution in men with coronary atherosclerosis at normolipidemia. Material and methods: Patients with angiographically documented coronary atherosclerosis were included into the study ( n = 177; mean age 62.5 ± 9.3 yrs). Lipoprotein subfractional distribution was analyzed using Lipoprint LDL System (Quantimetrix, USA). Results: Out the total cohort normolipidemic patients (total C < 5,0 mmol/l, TG < 1.7 mmol/l, LDL-C < 2.5 mmol/l) with coronary atherosclerosis were selected and thereafter were split into those without small dense LDL (sdLDL) - group 1, n = 16, and and group 2 with presence of sdLDL ( n = 22). Patients from group 2 had lower portion of IDLB: 7.0 ± 1.2 vs 8.5 ± 1.0 %, IDLА: 7.9 ± 1.7 vs 9.6 ± 2.5 %, and higher LDL2 portion: 7.0 ± 2.0 vs 4.3 ± 1.6 %. In group 2 C level in LDL2 was higher than in group 1 while in IDL B it appeared to be lower. Mean LDL particles size in group 2 was lower as well: 270.7 ± 1.3 и 273.8 ± 0.8 Е. Conclusion. In men with coronary atherosclerosis at normolipidemia two different patterns of subfractional distribution of apo B-containing lipoproteins were detected. Presence of sd LDL associated with decreased LDL size could be regarded as more atherogenic profile even at normal lipid levels

AN INTEGRATIVE BOIMARKER: OPPORTUNITIES FOR NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSTICS OF CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Aim. With the multimarker approach, to investigate and implement an integrative biomarker for non-invasive risk assessment of the presence and severity of coronary atherosclerosis.Material and methods. Totally, 205 consecutive patients included, age 18 and older, mean age 62,8±9,0 y., admitted and investigated in-patient at National Research Center for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health in 2011-2013, underwent diagnostic coronary arteriography (CG) and duplex carotid scanning. Localization and grade of coronary atherosclerosis were assessed with the score Gensini (GS).Results. The analysis was done in 3 groups: no coronary atherosclerosis (GS =0), with coronary atherosclerosis of any grade (GS &gt;0), and severe (GS ≥35). Based in the preliminary analysis of mathemathical models that included visual and biochemical markers, the most siginificant were selected that have been included into the integrated biomarker. Value of i-BIO &gt;4 points with sensitivity 87,9% makes it to reveal coronary atherosclerosis patients, when i-BIO &gt;9, with specificity 79,8%, makes it to rule out the persons with no coronary atherosclerosis.Conclusion. The invented complex parameter i-BIO might be regarded as a novel integrative biomarker of coronary atherosclerosis and its severity grade

SIGNIFICANCE OF BASELINE ACE ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME WHEN ADMINISTRATION OF ACE INHIBITORS AND IMIDAZOLINE AGONISTS IS CONSIDERED

Significance of baseline ACE activity in patients with metabolic syndrome when administration of ACE inhibitors and imidazoline agonists is considered