Assessing the Effects of Personal Characteristics and Context on U.S. House Speakers’ Leadership Styles, 1789-2006

Research on congressional leadership has been dominated in recent decades by contextual interpretations that see leaders’ behavior as best explained by the environment in which they seek to exercise leadership—particularly, the preference homogeneity and size of their party caucus. The role of agency is thus discounted, and leaders’ personal characteristics and leadership styles are underplayed. Focusing specifically on the speakers of the U.S. House of Representatives from the first to the 110th Congress, we construct measures of each speaker’s commitment to comity and leadership assertiveness. We find the scores reliable and then test the extent to which a speaker’s style is the product of both political context and personal characteristics. Regression estimates on speakers’ personal assertiveness scores provide robust support for a context-plus-personal characteristics explanation, whereas estimates of their comity scores show that speakers’ personal backgrounds trump context

Software engineering services for export and small developing economies.

A number of authors and multi-national organizations have suggested that providing information services, and in particular software engineering and programming services, for export afford an important economic opportunity for poor countries. Throughout the world, developing countries have acted on this advice. This paper will argue that the opportunities for software engineering services in particular are limited, at least for small developing economies. The main argument is that software engineering and programming are labor-intensive activities and that small developing countries simply do not have the required resources to acquire or train a sufficient number of software engineers and programmers. Any development policy that blindly follows the tenet that small developing countries can improve their economic position through the provision of information services for export is therefore bound to fail. Hence, more sophisticated policies are called for. This paper will also examine a number of such policy options, including an innovative human resource development policy being developed in Jamaica