A window into fungal endophytism in Salicornia europaea: deciphering fungal characteristics as plant growth promoting agents

Aim Plant-endophytic associations exist only when equilibrium is maintained between both partners. This study analyses the properties of endophytic fungi inhabiting a halophyte growing in high soil salinity and tests whether these fungi are beneficial or detrimental when non-host plants are inoculated. Method Fungi were isolated from Salicornia europaea collected from two sites differing in salinization history (anthropogenic and naturally saline) and analyzed for plant growth promoting abilities and non-host plant interactions. Results Most isolated fungi belonged to Ascomycota (96%) including dematiaceous fungi and commonly known plant pathogens and saprobes. The strains were metabolically active for siderophores, polyamines and indole-3-acetic acid (mainly Aureobasidium sp.) with very low activity for phosphatases. Many showed proteolytic, lipolytic, chitinolytic, cellulolytic and amylolytic activities but low pectolytic activity. Different activities between similar fungal species found in both sites were particularly seen for Epiccocum sp., Arthrinium sp. and Trichoderma sp. Inoculating the non-host Lolium perenne with selected fungi increased plant growth, mainly in the symbiont (Epichloë)-free variety. Arthrinium gamsii CR1-9 and Stereum gausapatum ISK3-11 were most effective for plant growth promotion. Conclusions This research suggests that host lifestyle and soil characteristics have a strong effect on endophytic fungi, and environmental stress could disturb the plant-fungi relations. In favourable conditions, these fungi may be effective in facilitating crop production in non-cultivable saline lands

ICAR: endoscopic skull‐base surgery

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Endoscopic Endonasal transpterygoid transmaxillary approach to the infra temporal and upper parapharyngeal tumors

OBJECTIVES: To describe the endoscopic transnasal approach to the infratemporal fossa (ITF) and upper parapharyngeal space (UPS) and to analyze the indications and outcomes of this surgical technique in the management of the tumors localized in this critical area. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SETTING: Tertiary-care referral center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of patients with benign and malignant tumors arising in or extending to the ITF and UPS, treated from 2002 to 2012 at a single institute. The tumors were surgically resected using an endoscopic endonasal transpterygoid transmaxillary approach. RESULTS: Thirty-seven consecutive patients with benign tumors (20 juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas, 2 extracranial trigeminal Schwannomas, 2 meningiomas, 1 cavernous hemangioma) and nonmetastatic malignant tumors (2 adenoid-cystic carcinoma, 1 mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 adenocarcinoma, 1 recurrence of chondrosarcoma, and 6 recurrences of undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type) were treated with curative intent. A gross-total resection was achieved in 35 of 37 patients. Major complications were observed in 1 case (intraoperative internal carotid artery blowout). Postoperatively, 8 patients received some form of adjuvant treatment. Mean follow-up was 30 months for malignancies and 60 months for benign tumors. All patients are now alive without recurrences. Stable intracranial persistence of disease was reported in 2 cases (1 meningioma and 1 adenoid-cystic carcinoma). CONCLUSION: The purely endoscopic endonasal technique may provide a minimally invasive and safe approach to radically resect selected tumors involving the ITF and UPS. Larger case series and longer follow-up are needed to validate the reproducibility and efficacy of this technique