32 research outputs found

    Sichtverbesserungssysteme

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    Die VerkehrsunfĂ€lle bei Nacht haben schwere volkswirtschaftliche Folgen. Nach K. Rumar [1] betrugen die abgeschĂ€tzten Kosten der StraßenverkehrsunfĂ€lle im Jahr 1999 mehr als 160 Milliarden Euro, etwa doppelt soviel wie der Etat der EU-LĂ€nder in dem betrachteten Zeitraum. FĂŒr die Analyse in diesem Kapitel können fĂŒr eine aussagekrĂ€ftige Unfallforschung die Daten des Instituts fĂŒr Fahrzeugsicherheit in MĂŒnchen hinzugezogen werden [2]. Demnach zeigen UnfĂ€lle mit FußgĂ€ngerbeteiligung je nach Ortslage unterschiedliche Schwerpunkte. Ein Drittel der 43789 UnfĂ€lle mit verletzten FußgĂ€ngern im Jahr 1995 fand in der Dunkelheit und DĂ€mmerung statt. Etwa 60 % aller 1336 UnfĂ€lle mit getöteten FußgĂ€ngern im Jahr 1995 ereigneten sich in der Dunkelheit. FĂŒr InnerortsunfĂ€lle waren 84 % der beteiligten FußgĂ€nger zum Zeitpunkt des Unfalls dunkel gekleidet. Nach [2] war bei 70 % der untersuchten UnfĂ€lle die Straßenbeleuchtung in Betrieb und wurde subjektiv als gut beurteilt. Die hier ausgefĂŒhrten Auswertungen der nĂ€chtlichen VerkehrsunfĂ€lle basieren auf den Daten der Bundesanstalt fĂŒr Straßenwesen im Jahr 2005 [3], die die Einzeldaten der amtlichen Straßenverkehrsunfallstatistik der Jahre 1991 bis 2002 bewertete. Diese Daten gelten sinngemĂ€ĂŸ fĂŒr die heutigen Verkehrssituationen. Dabei gibt es viele Aspekte, mit denen die Ursache fĂŒr VerkehrsunfĂ€lle untersucht und charakterisiert werden kann. Einige davon sind: ..

    A Multiperspective Approach to Solvent Regulation of Enzymatic Activity: HMG‐CoA Reductase

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    3‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl–coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase was investigated in different organic cosolvents by means of kinetic and calorimetric measurements, molecular dynamics simulations, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. The combined experimental and theoretical techniques were essential to complement each other's limitations in the investigation of the complex interaction pattern between the enzyme, different solvent types, and concentrations. In this way, the underlying mechanisms for the loss of enzyme activity in different water‐miscible solvents could be elucidated. These include direct inhibitory effects onto the active center and structural distortions

    Coherent Imaging of Biological Samples with Femtosecond Pulses at the Free Electron Laser FLASH

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    Coherent x-ray imaging represents a new window to imaging noncrystalline, biological specimens at unprecedented resolutions. The advent offree-electron lasers (FEL) allows extremely high flux densities to be delivered to a specimen resulting in stronger scattered signal from these samples to be measured. In the best case scenario, the diffraction pattern is measured before the sample is destroyed by these intense pulses, as the processes involved in radiation damage may be substantially slower than the pulse duration. In this case, the scattered signal can be interpreted and reconstructed to yield a faithful image of the sample at a resolution beyond the conventional radiation damage limit. We employ coherent x-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) using the free-electron LASer in Hamburg (FLASH) in a non-destructive regime to compare images ofa biological sample reconstructed using different, single, femtosecond pulses of FEL radiation. Furthermore, for the first time, we demonstrate CXDI, in-line holography and Fourier transform holography (FTH) of the same unicellular marine organism using an FEL and present diffraction data collected using the third harmonic of FLASH, reaching into the water window. We provide quantitative results for the resolution of the CXDI images as a function of pulse intensity, and compare this with the resolutions achieved with in-line holography and FTH

    Spatial and temporal coherence properties of single free-electron laser pulses

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    The experimental characterization of the spatial and temporal coherence properties of the free-electron laser in Hamburg (FLASH) at a wavelength of 8.0 nm is presented. Double pinhole diffraction patterns of single femtosecond pulses focused to a size of about 10×10 ÎŒm2^2 were measured. A transverse coherence length of 6.2 ± 0.9 ÎŒm in the horizontal and 8.7 ± 1.0 ÎŒm in the vertical direction was determined from the most coherent pulses. Using a split and delay unit the coherence time of the pulses produced in the same operation conditions of FLASH was measured to be 1.75 ± 0.01 fs. From our experiment we estimated the degeneracy parameter of the FLASH beam to be on the order of 1010^{10} to 1011^{11}, which exceeds the values of this parameter at any other source in the same energy range by many orders of magnitude
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