A review of concussion recognition, assessment and management for paramedics

A concussion (orig. Latin: concutere, "to shake violently”) is a clinical diagnosis of a biomechanically-induced alteration in brain function. This impairment is usually reversible and often affects memory, orientation, and attention. It may or may not cause a loss of consciousness and does not show evidence of brain damage on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. (1,2) The internationally accepted consensus definition of concussion incorporates several criteria. (3) 1. Concussion may be caused by a direct blow to the head, face, neck, or elsewhere on the body with an “impulsive” force transmitted to the head. 2. Concussion typically results in the rapid onset of short-lived impairment of neurologic function that resolves spontaneously. However, in some cases, symptoms and signs may evolve over a number of minutes to hours. 3. Concussion may result in neuro-pathological changes, but the acute clinical symptoms largely reflect a functional disturbance rather than a structural injury, and as such, no abnormality is seen on standard structural neuroimaging studies. 4. Concussion results in a graded set of clinical symptoms that may or may not involve loss of consciousness. Resolution of the clinical and cognitive symptoms typically follows a sequential course. However, it is important to note that in some cases symptoms may be prolonged

An international review of policies on physical activity

To achieve the goal of population-wide increased levels of physical activity it is necessary that governments at all levels play a key role in initiating, coordinating and implementing public policies that promote physical activity, enhance environments and provide increased access by the whole population. This review provides a summary of the literature on policy, including policy formation and policy process. In the absence of any alternate, we developed a definition of what constitutes a policy on physical activity. Further, we synthesised the literature to create a set of 11 criteria for success and undertook an international review of a small but diverse group of countries to assess the focus and content of their existing or developing policy on physical activity. This inter-country comparison is restricted to a select group of diverse countries for which there was available information in English. Summary findings of this comparative research are presented as well as a brief overview of several global and regional initiatives