Ground truth data requirements for altimeter performance verification

The amount and type of ground truth required for an altimeter experiment is a function of the uncertainty in the satellite orbit, the altimeter error budget and the type of operation being performed. Ground truth requirements will be discussed with reference to three areas of operation: the global mode, the high intensity mode and calibration

Electro-optic modulator for infrared laser using gallium arsenide crystal

Gallium arsenide electro-optic modulator used for infrared lasers has a mica quarter-wave plate and two calcite polarizers to amplitude or phase modulate an infrared laser light source in the wavelength range from 1 to 3 microns. The large single crystal has uniformly high resistivities, is strain free, and comparable in quality to good optical glass

Analysis of GEOS-3 altimeter data and extraction of ocean wave height and dominant wavelength

When the amplitude and timing biases are removed from the GEOS-3 Sample and Hold (S&H) gates, the mean return waveforms can be excellently fitted with a theoretical template which represents the convolution of: (1) the radar point target response; (2) the range noise (jitter) in the altimeter tracking loop; (3) the sea surface height distribution; and (4) the antenna pattern as a function of the range to mean sea level. Several techniques of varying complexity to remove the effect of the tracking loop jitter in computing the wave height are considered. They include: (1) realigning the S&H gates to their actual positions with respect to mean sea level before averaging; (2) using the observed standard deviation on the altitude measurement to remove the integrated effect of the tracking loop jitter, and (3) using a look-up table to correct for the expected value of range noise. Analysis of skewness in the GEOS return waveform demonstrates the potential of a satellite radar altimeter to determine the dominant wavelength of ocean waves

Measuring money

Monetary policy - United States ; Money supply

Monetary Information and Interest Rates

A model of interest rate movements in response to new information on the money stock is developed.The model, which incorporates several earlier approaches as special cases, makes explicit the manner in which estimated interest rate responses to money surprises depend on the relative variances of nominal and real disturbances, as well as on the monetary authority's policy and the credibility of that policy.

Precautionary policies

The research literature in economics has explored the task of decision making under uncertainty and has developed theories about "precautionary" policies and "robust" policies. This Economic Letter summarizes some of the latest results and debates in this literature.Monetary policy ; Forecasting ; Risk

Are contemporary central banks transparent about economic models and objectives and what difference does it make? - commentary

Monetary policy ; Econometric models ; Banks and banking, Central

Monetary targeting and inflation: 1976-1984

Inflation (Finance) ; Monetary policy - United States ; Money supply

Efficent estimation of distribution for extreme observations in sample and nonsample cases Progress report, period ending 31 Dec. 1968

Estimation of distribution for extreme observations in sample and nonsample case

Do deficits matter?

Budget deficits ; Deficit financing