Academic freedom: in justification of a universal ideal

This paper examines the justification for, and benefits of, academic freedom to academics, students, universities and the world at large. The paper surveys the development of the concept of academic freedom within Europe, more especially the impact of the reforms at the University of Berlin instigated by Wilhelm von Humboldt. Following from this, the paper examines the reasons why the various facets of academic freedom are important and why the principle should continue to be supported

Methods of Presenting Scientific Evidence in Court

This article presents and analyzes lawyers' and scientists' views of the advisability of using alternatives to the party witness format (e.g., scientific panels) in school desegregation cases. Scientists' and attorneys' desires to control the presentation of evidence and courtroom interaction is one factor explaining their preference for panels or party witness formats. In addition, control is seen as a means of influencing several other issues: selection of an appropriate form of dispute settlement in this litigation; management of potential bias in social science scholarship and testimony; and determination of the proper role of expert witnesses. These issues are investigated with a sample of lawyers and scholars who tried and testified in 17 school desegregation cases across the nation.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68903/2/10.1177_0049124183011004004.pd