A Cooperative Management Solution to a Fishery Commons

A common property resource with open access, such as a fishery, will be used to excess when faced with sufficient demand. This will lead to an excessive amount of effort on the part of the fishery, resulting in a depletion of the stock. This paper discusses the development of a property rights regime for the Atlantic calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus, fishery of Florida. The management solution of the Calico Scallop Conservation Association (CSCA) provides an example of the assignment of property rights to a common property resource without resorting to governmental intervention. In this particular fishery, self-regulation limited early harvesting which would be uneconomic; there may be other fisheries in which self-regulation could be economically efficient and biologically appropriate. While this solution may not be applicable to all common property resources, for those cases which may be similar; the example of the CSCA provides valuable information that may be helpful in establishing a more efficient use of the resource. Some types of government facilitation may also be useful

What can visual electrophysiology tell about possible visual-field defects in paediatric patients

Recognising a potential visual-field (VF) defect in paediatric patients might be challenging, especially in children before the age of 5 years and those with developmental delay or intellectual disability. Visual electrophysiological testing is an objective and non-invasive technique for evaluation of visual function in paediatric patients, which can characterise the location of dysfunction and differentiate between disorders of the retina, optic nerve and visual pathway. The recording of electroretinography (ERG) and visual-evoked potentials (VEP) is possible from early days of life and requires no subjective input from the patient. As the origins of ERG and VEP tests are known, the pattern of electrophysiological changes can provide information about the VF of a child unable to perform accurate perimetry. This review summarises previously published electrophysiological findings in several common types of VF defects that can be found in paediatric patients (generalised VF defect, peripheral VF loss, central scotoma, bi-temporal hemianopia, altitudinal VF defect, quadrantanopia and homonymous hemianopia). It also shares experience on using electrophysiological testing as additional functional evidence to other tests in the clinical challenge of diagnosing or excluding VF defects in complex paediatric patients. Each type of VF defect is illustrated with one or two clinical cases

Information Flow through a Chaotic Channel: Prediction and Postdiction at Finite Resolution

We reconsider the persistence of information under the dynamics of the logistic map in order to discuss communication through a nonlinear channel where the sender can set the initial state of the system with finite resolution, and the recipient measures it with the same accuracy. We separate out the contributions of global phase space shrinkage and local phase space contraction and expansion to the uncertainty in predicting and postdicting the state of the system. Thus, we determine how the amplification parameter, the time lag, and the resolution influence the possibility for communication. A novel representation for real numbers is introduced that allows for a visualization of the flow of information between scales.Comment: 14 pages, 13 figure

Does subarachnoid haemorrhage affect the innate immune response?

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Proclama in materia di pompe

1 manifesto : 1 stemma ; 47 cm Incipit del testo: Stabiliti dal magistrato de signori deputati alla regolatione delle pompe di questa città i capitoli seguenti confermati poi dall'eccellentissimo senato In Crema : per Giuseppe Carcheno 1 manifesto : 1 stemma ; 47 cm. ((Data di emanazione in calce: 13 gennaio 1683 Data di stampa presunta: 1683 (emanazione) Firmatari in calce In testa stemma xilogr. (Leone di S. Marco) Iniziale xilogr

Proclama in materia di pompe

1 manifesto : 1 stemma ; 46 cm Incipit del testo: Alle premure del magistrato eccellentiss. alle pompe di Venezia espresse in sue lettere 19 scorso maggio .. Contiene regole da osservare riguardo il vestiario e l'uso di gioielli Data di pubblicazione in calce: Crema 6 luglio 1716 Firmatari in calce In testa stemma xilogr. della Repubblica di Venezia (Leone di S. Marco) Iniziale xilog

Cancer prevalence in Central Europe: the EUROPREVAL Study

Background: Information on cancer prevalence is either absent or largely unavailable for central European countries. Materials and methods: Austria, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland cover a population of 13 million inhabitants. Cancer registries in these countries supplied incidence and survival data for 465 000 cases of cancer. The prevalence of stomach, colon, rectum, lung, breast, cervix uteri, corpus uteri and prostate cancer, as well as skin melanoma, Hodgkin's disease, leukaemia and all malignant neoplasms combined was estimated for the end of 1992. Results: A large heterogeneity was observed within central European countries. For all cancers combined, estimates ranged from 730 per 100 000 in Poland (men) to 3350 per 100 000 in Germany (women). Overall cancer prevalence was the highest in Germany and Switzerland, and the lowest in Poland and Slovenia. In Slovakia, prevalence was higher than average for men and lower than average for women. This was observed for almost all ages. As shown by incidence data, breast cancer was the most frequent malignancy among women in all countries. Among men, prostate cancer was the leading malignancy in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, and lung cancer was the major cancer in Slovenia, Slovakia and Poland. The Netherlands had a high prevalence of both prostate and lung cancer. Time-related magnitude of prevalence within each country and the variability of such proportions across the countries has been estimated and cancer prevalence is given by time since diagnosis (1 year, 1-5 years, 5-10 years, >10 years) for each site. The weight of 1-year prevalence (248 per 100 000 among men and 253 per 100 000 among women) was 10 years before), reflecting long-term survival, and number of people considered as cured from cancer were 490 per 100 000 for men and 1028 per 100 000 for women, with a range between 26% (The Netherlands, men) and 50% (Slovakia, women). Conclusion: It is clear from observing countries in Central Europe, that high cancer prevalence is associated with well-developed economies. This burden of cancer could be interpreted as a paradoxical effect of better treatments and thereby survival. It could also be taken as a sign for not being satisfied with the advances in treating patients diagnosed with cancer, and for supporting more primary preventio

Measuring Information Transfer

An information theoretic measure is derived that quantifies the statistical coherence between systems evolving in time. The standard time delayed mutual information fails to distinguish information that is actually exchanged from shared information due to common history and input signals. In our new approach, these influences are excluded by appropriate conditioning of transition probabilities. The resulting transfer entropy is able to distinguish driving and responding elements and to detect asymmetry in the coupling of subsystems.Comment: 4 pages, 4 Figures, Revte

Methods for measuring the behaviour of dairy cows in free stall barns

Behaviour is one of the most commonly used and sensitive indicators of animal welfare. Methods of assessing behavioural activity have changed in recent years, favouring techniques that automate monitoring and recording of animal behaviour, respect to use video recording system. The objectives of the current study were to determine the capability of electronic recording devices (HOBO Pendant G and IceTag) to measure behavioural activity of cows in comparison with video recording system. Automatic recording devices showed data of high sensitivity (Se 65 0.961) and specificity (Sp 65 0.951) for lying and standing behavioural patterns displaying predictive values close to 1.00 (PPV 65 0.966 and NPV 65 0.945). Instead, moving behavioural pattern was inadequately recorded by the IceTag device (PPV 64 0.303). Video recording systems provide a complete view of all behaviour and also of the position of the cows in the barn, but it is often time consuming and labour-intensive. Automated measurement of laterality may improve understanding the role of this aspect of lying as an indicator of cow comfort and might be useful for assessing the welfare of dairy cattle. Data loggers accurately measured all aspect of lying behaviour, while the locomotion behaviour (walking) is not well represented. The development of these data loggers may improve the information on activity of dairy cows reducing time and labour required for monitoring of behaviour