A New Model for Predicting Liquid Loading in Multiphase Gas Wells

Liquid loading problem occurs when there is accumulation of liquid in the wellbore. The ultimate desire of this phenomenon is to reduce gas recovery or completely kill the production well. This challenge can lead to loss in well deliverability and as a result recovery of gas becomes low and cause heavy damage that the remedy would be costly. So many scholars have modeled to predict liquid loading onset but over the years the results gotten have shown one discrepancies or the other and could be difficult to use because of the challenges facing in predicting the bottomhole pressure of a multiphase flow. Numerical integration method was used in this new model while considering the introduction of valve equation along the functional nodes to the fundamental equation. The pressure drop across the functional node has not been considered by previous scholars. The result is very effective when compared analytically with other established work. The results also show the onset of transient flow and how quickly it stabilizes. Furthermore, the numbers of correctly predicted wells when validated with data was higher than the previous result

Evaluation of seismic and petrophysical parameters for hydrocarbon prospecting of G-field, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Adequate analyses of seismic and petrophysical data help to minimize drilling risk and maximize well and reservoir productivity. Reservoir characterization was carried out to provide information and improve understanding of the geological and petrophysical parameters, and hence improve decision making regarding the development of the field under study. Wireline logs obtained from three wells as well as a 3D Seismic data coverage of G-field in the Niger Delta were evaluated using the petrel software. Suites of gamma and deep resistivity logs aided the delineation and correlation of the sandstone unit, while the top was tied to the seismic data using synthetic seismogram to determine seismic characters. Well correlation enabled the delineation of reservoir sand across the wells. The quality of the reservoir was determined from petrophysical averages, in which the reservoir has an average thickness of 72 m, average porosity of 0.31, average net to gross of 0.75, average V-shale of 0.25, and average water saturation of 0.19, respectively. Listric normal faults were mapped across the field. The models reveal lateral and horizontal variations in reservoir properties which capture subsurface heterogeneity and anisotropy across the reservoir sand, and also possible sweet-spot zones were identified. These are diagnostic of areas for future exploitation and recovery of hydrocarbon. Seismic attributes analysis was done to predict variation in lithofacies across the sandstone body

ASSESSMENT OF LEACHATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATER AROUND IGHENRE EKOTEDO DUMPSITE, OTA , SOUTHWEST NIGERIA

The study was initiated at the instance of the Local Authority, to evaluate the physico-chemical param-eters (quality) of groundwater used by residence living around the Igbenre Ekotedo dumpsite. Nine (9) groundwater samples were collected randomly from boreholes around the dumpsite and were an-alysed for heavy metals including Fe, Pb, Mn, Cu, Cr, and Zn, using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Other elements analysed for include Mg2+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and anions such as PO43−, SO42−, NO3−, and Cl−.The physical properties tested for are their total dissolved solid (TDS), pH values, tempera-tures, hardness and electrical conductivity (EC). The results showed that the TDS, NO3−, hardness and EC concentrations of the water samples fell below the permissible limits set by the WHO standards for drinking water quality for the area except at location BH 3, BH 4 and BH 5. The concentrations of Ca2+, Na+, Cl−, SO42−, Zn and Cr are found to be below the WHO standard for all locations, but with relatively higher concentration values of Ca2+, and, Cl− at locations BH 3, BH 4 and BH 5. Also, the concentrations of PO43−, Mg2+, K+ and Fe are significantly higher than the prescribed WHO standard but with relatively higher values of Mg2+ and Fe associated with locations BH 3, BH 4 and BH 5. The spatial distribution maps of the examined parameters show a general increase in concentration towards the Southwest and Southern directions of the study area. This implies the likely direction of groundwater flow around the area since contaminants are usually mobilised and moved in the direction of groundwater flow. At the moment, the contamination is localised and limited to the South-western part of the study area and boreholes can safely be located at the North-Western and South-Eastern parts of the surveyed area

Data on artificial neural network and response surface methodology analysis of biodiesel production

The biodiesel production from waste soybean oil (using NaOH and KOH catalysts independently) was investigated in this study. The use of optimization tools (artificial neural network, ANN, and response surface methodology, RSM) for the modelling of the relationship between biodiesel yield and process parameters was carried out. The variables em- ployed in the experimental design of biodiesel yields were methanol-oil mole ratio (6 –12), catalyst concentration (0.7 –1.7 wt/wt%), reaction temperature (48 –62 °C) and reaction time (50 –90 min). Also, the usefulness of both the RSM and ANN tools in the accurate prediction of the regression mod- els were revealed, with values of R-sq being 0.93 and 0.98 for RSM and ANN respectively

Investigating the potential of Calophylluminophyllum plant base oil for oil and gas drilling mud operations

The environmental and cost advantage of non-edible plant oil for potential base oil in oil and gas drilling mud formulation is a drive for its use. The seed of Calophylluminophyllumthe plant oil was processed, pulverized, and oil extracted using chemical method. The extracted plant oil and commercial synthetic oil was used to formulate drilling mud and comparative analysis were made using the physicochemical properties of the oil samples, mud rheological properties under sixteen hours and 240 °F aging and non-aging effect for a 7 and 9 g viscosifier, and rheological models in describing the mud. The commercial synthetic oil and Calophylluminophyllum oil shows a flash point of 101 ± 0.1 and 164 ± 0.1; density of 108 and 172 ��� �3� ; viscosity index of 192 and 163; acid value of NIL and 24.24; and oil yield of NIL and 71 % respectively. The rheological properties of Calophylluminophyllum oil-based mud were higher than the synthetic oil-based mud. It was also observed that the increase in temperature and viscosifer decreases and increases the rheological properties respectively of all mud samples. The synthetic and Calophylluminophyllum oil-based mud increased in the rheological properties after aging test. In the overall estimation of the root mean square error (RMSE) values, coefficient of determination (�2) values, and the fitted plots analysis. The Herschel Bulkley and the Sisko model had a much better description in predicting the experimental data for the synthetic oil-based mud. The hyperbolic, Herschel Bulkley and Sisko model had good description for the experimental data of the Calophylluminophyllum oil-based mud

Evaluation of Permeability Impairment Due to Surfactant Flooding

In the course of chemical flooding of crude oil reservoirs with surfactants, retention of surfactant particles in the pores of the reservoir rock can cause a major reduction of the reservoir permeability. This can cause serious problems thus unfavourably influencing the economics of oil recovery. An appropriate assessment of the reduction in permeability is essential for the recovery of hydrocarbons. During tertiary recovery of crude oil, a critical evaluation of formation damage is necessary to evade operating costs, as the reservoir rock is extremely sensitive to chemicals injected. The extent to which permeability is reduced cannot be comprehensive for core field scales; it is consequently paramount to study the reduction in the permeability of a core at laboratory scale before field scale estimation. In this paper, an experimental investigation on the reduction in permeability after surfactant injection cores is presented. Surfactants were used to flood the core samples. The permeability of the cores was calculated at the beginning and end of every flood by measuring the differential pressure during surfactant flooding of the cores. From the results, it is evident that there is a strong influence of surfactants on the process of adsorption on reservoir rocks and consequently leading to reduction in permeability

Twenty-first century technology of combating wildfire

Wildfire causes havoc and serious destruction of forest resources and wildlife. It also causes occasionally serious damages to human lives and properties. Current technology of fighting wildfire employs fire retardant chemicals, which pollute the environment seriously, and damages both wild and aquatic lives. Based on the new novel technology, it is possible that in the near future the industrial emissions that pollute the environments and cause health problems would be completely captured in frozen solid forms of emissions products. One of these is the frozen carbon dioxide, which is known as dry ice, which would be available than in hundreds of millions of tons in any country. Cost analysis shows that the power and cement industries would significantly benefit by selling the dry ice captured using the technology, just at $0.07 per kg. The present paper discusses the new technology of applying dry ice that would thus be abundantly available in fighting a wildfire. The paper discusses how the new technology would be by far superior to current technology that employs fire retardant chemicals in terms of environmental protection and the cost-effectiveness over the current technology