Differential expression and sex chromosome association of CHD3/4 and CHD5 during spermatogenesis

ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelers of the CHD family play important roles in chromatin regulation during development and differentiation. The ubiquitously expressed CHD3 and CHD4 proteins are essential for stem cell function and serve to orchestrate gene expression in different developmental settings. By contrast, the closely related CHD5 is predominantly expressed in neural tissue and its role is believed to be restricted to neural differentiation. Indeed, loss of CHD5 contributes to neuroblastoma. In this study, we first demonstrate that CHD5 is a nucleosome-stimulated ATPase. We then compare CHD3/4 and CHD5 expression in mouse brain and show that CHD5 expression is restricted to a subset of cortical and hippocampal neurons whereas CHD3/4 expression is more widespread. We also uncover high levels of CHD5 expression in testis. CHD5 is transiently expressed in differentiating germ cells. Expression is first detected in nuclei of postmeiotic round spermatids, reaches a maximum in stage VIII spermatids and then falls to undetectable levels in stage IX spermatids. Surprisingly, CHD3/4 and CHD5 show complementary expression patterns during spermatogenesis with CHD3/ 4 levels progressively decreasing as CHD5 expression increases. In spermatocytes, CHD3/4 localizes to the pseudoautosomal region, the X centromeric region and then spreads into the XY body chromatin. In postmeiotic cells, CHD5 colocalises with macroH2A1.2 in association with centromeres and part of the Y chromosome. The subnuclear localisations of CHD4 and CHD5 suggest specif

Erstellung einer Übersicht über die rechtlichen Regelungen zum ökologischen Landbau wichtiger Import- und Exportländer

Ziel des Projektes ist es, einen Überblick über die in wichtigen Import- und Exportländern geltenden gesetzlichen Regelungen und privatrechtlich Vereinbarungen zum ökologischen Landbau zu erstellen. Es wurde eine Datenbank entwickelt, die über die gesetzlichen Regelungen und die wichtigsten Verbandsrichtlinien für Ökoprodukte in den für Deutschland relevanten Import- und Exportländern informiert. Das Angebot beschreibt in leicht verständlicher Sprache die verschiedenen nationalen gesetzlichen Vorgaben für die Erzeugung, Verarbeitung, Kennzeichnung und Kontrolle von Ökoprodukten sowie deren Unterschiede zur EU-Öko-Verordnung. Darüber hinaus werden Richtlinien von Zertifizierungsorganisationen beschrieben, die eine marktbeherrschende Stellung in den lokalen Märkten einnehmen. Ergänzt wird das Angebot durch Originaltexte der Verordnungen und Richtlinien, soweit verfügbar in deutscher oder englischer Übersetzung sowie zahlreiche Adressen von Kontroll-/Zertifizierungsstellen und Behörden. Zielgruppen sind an Öko-Produkten interessierte Handels- und Verarbeitungsunternehmen sowie Beratungsorganisationen, Kontrollstellen und Behörden. Die Festlegung von Schwerpunktländern erfolgte auf Basis der Auswertung verfügbarer Import-/Export-Statistiken sowie einer schriftlichen Befragung ausgewählter Im- und Exportunternehmen für Öko-Produkte in Deutschland. Die Daten wurden in Form einer über das Internet verfügbaren Datenbank bereitgestellt. Die Datenbank wurde im Mai und Oktober 2003 aktualisiert

Pharmacological restoration and therapeutic targeting of the B-cell phenotype in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma

Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL), although originating from B-cells, is characterized by the virtual lack of gene products whose expression constitutes the B-cell phenotype. Epigenetic repression of B-cell-specific genes via promoter hypermethylation and histone deacetylation as well as compromised expression of B-cell-committed transcription factors were previously reported to contribute to the lost B-cell phenotype in cHL. Restoring the B-cell phenotype may not only correct a central malignant property, but render cHL susceptible to clinically established antibody therapies targeting B-cell surface receptors or small compounds interfering with B-cell receptor signaling. We conducted now a high-throughput pharmacological screening based on more than 28,000 compounds in cHL cell lines carrying a CD19 reporter to identify drugs that promote re-expression of the B-cell phenotype. Three chemicals were retrieved that robustly enhanced CD19 transcription. Subsequent chromatin immunoprecipitation-based analyses indicated that action of two of these compounds was associated with lowered levels of the transcriptionally repressive lysine 9-trimethylated histone H3 mark at the CD19 promoter. Moreover, the anti-leukemia agents all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide (ATO) were found to reconstitute the silenced B-cell transcriptional program and reduce viability of cHL cell lines. When applied in combination with a screening-identified chemical, ATO evoked re-expression of the CD20 antigen, which could be further therapeutically exploited by enabling CD20 antibody-mediated apoptosis of cHL cells. Furthermore, restoration of the B-cell phenotype also rendered cHL cells susceptible to the B-cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma-tailored small compound inhibitors Ibrutinib and Idelalisib. In essence, we report here a conceptually novel, re-differentiation-based treatment strategy for cHL

Effect of Hedging Height on Growth and Yield of 'Delite' Blueberries

Last updated: 5/29/201

Effect of long term storage on rabbiteye blueberry quality

Last updated: 5/7/201

Frost tolerance and fruit ripening pattern of rabbiteye blueberries as influenced by wood type

Last updated: 5/7/201

Container and media effect on growth of rabbiteye blueberries

Last updated: 5/11/201

Container and media effect on growth of rabbiteye blueberries

Last updated: 5/11/201

Bounty: a new peach for East Texas

Last updated: 5/10/201