Methodologies used to estimate tobacco-attributable mortality: a review

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>One of the most important measures for ascertaining the impact of tobacco on a population is the estimation of the mortality attributable to its use. To measure this, a number of indirect methods of quantification are available, yet there is no consensus as to which furnishes the best information. This study sought to provide a critical overview of the different methods of attribution of mortality due to tobacco consumption.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>A search was made in the Medline database until March 2005 in order to obtain papers that addressed the methodology employed for attributing mortality to tobacco use.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the total of 7 methods obtained, the most widely used were the prevalence methods, followed by the approach proposed by Peto et al, with the remainder being used in a minority of studies.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Different methodologies are used to estimate tobacco attributable mortality, but their methodological foundations are quite similar in all. Mainly, they are based on the calculation of proportional attributable fractions. All methods show limitations of one type or another, sometimes common to all methods and sometimes specific.</p

Study of the effect of seasoning time on the polypropylene film properties

Przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące wpływu czasu sezonowania na wybrane właściwości folii polipropylenowej orientowanej dwuosiowo. Próbki folii pobrane z dwóch różnych partii produkcyjnych, odznaczały się tym samym składem recepturowym i grubością. Próbki były przechowywane w warunkach magazynowych. Właściwości optyczne i mechaniczne folii oznaczono bezpośrednio po jej wyprodukowaniu oraz po 3, 14, 28 i 56 dobach sezonowania.The results of studies of the effect of seasoning time on the select properties of biaxal oriented polypropylene film were presented. The films samples, characterized by the same prescription compositions and thickness were taken from two different production batch. The samples were stored in a warehouse conditions. Optical and mechanical properties of films were determined directly after their production and after 3, 14, 28 and 56 seasoning days. The effect of seasoning time of films in a warehouse conditions on their properties was evaluated