Autonomy and Its Role in English Language Learning: Practice and Research

This chapter picks up discussion in the previous edition of this handbook of how the concept of autonomy has influenced language education and applied linguistics in recent years. It begins by discussing the philosophical and practical origins of learner autonomy in language education and particularly in English language teaching and how these have developed over the last 10 years. Key practical initiatives and research findings are reviewed to illuminate how autonomy has been interpreted in relation to learners, teachers, and the learning situation; how it has been linked or contrasted with other constructs; and how fostering autonomy has been seen as a part of pedagogy. Recent developments from the earlier edition are discussed regarding metacognition and, in particular, various contextual dimensions of learner autonomy. Other emerging topics are also reviewed, including learner autonomy in the world of digital/social media, learner autonomy in curriculum design and published materials, and the relation of learner autonomy to plurilingual perspectives. The chapter discusses issues in each of these areas, potential strategies for developing autonomy and effective learning, and possible future directions for research and practice

SURRENALECTOMIA SINISTRA ROBOTICA CON AUSILIO DI TAMPONE EMOSTATICO STAR SYSTEM

SURRENALECTOMIA SINISTRA ROBOTICA CON AUSILIO DI TAMPONE EMOSTATICO STAR SYSTE

Serum-associated inhibition of neutrophil Fc receptors in cancer patients

Rosettes with ox erythrocytes coated with purified IgG antibody were used to detect Fc receptors on neutrophils from 60 patients with solid neoplasias and from 55 normal controls. The mean average of the rosettes in the patients was 48.10%, and that in normal controls was 79.42%, with a highly significant difference according to the Wilcoxon test [negative probability, P(w)-4.47 . 10(-5)]. The low proportion of patients' rosettes ws related to the presence of a serum factor, which also inhibited normal neutrophil rosette formation. Patient neutrophils (or normal neutrophils treated with patient sera) recovered their rosetting capacity when cultured in vitro. No correlation was found between low percentages of rosette-forming cells and the level of circulating immune complexes of the individual patients. Additional evidence also supported the finding that IC and the serum factor are probably unrelated

Serum-associated inhibition of neutrophil Fc receptors in cancer patients.

Rosettes with ox erythrocytes coated with purified IgG antibody were used to detect Fc receptors on neutrophils from 60 patients with solid neoplasias and from 55 normal controls. The mean average of the rosettes in the patients was 48.10%, and that in normal controls was 79.42%, with a highly significant difference according to the Wilcoxon test [negative probability, P(w)-4.47 . 10(-5)]. The low proportion of patients' rosettes ws related to the presence of a serum factor, which also inhibited normal neutrophil rosette formation. Patient neutrophils (or normal neutrophils treated with patient sera) recovered their rosetting capacity when cultured in vitro. No correlation was found between low percentages of rosette-forming cells and the level of circulating immune complexes of the individual patients. Additional evidence also supported the finding that IC and the serum factor are probably unrelated