Crinoid and ostracod succession within the Early-Middle Frasnian interval in the Wietrznia Quarry, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Early-Middle Frasnian ostracods and crinoids from Wietrznia in the Northern Kielce subregion of the Holy Cross area were analyzed. Twenty three ostracod species assigned to thirteen named genera, as well as eighteen crinoid species including the representatives of fifteen stem-based taxa were distinguished. For most of the species open nomenclature is applied. The composition of ostracod assemblage changes from moderately diverse in the lower part of the Palmatolepis transitans Zone to poorly diverse in its higher part. Lack of ostracods in the uppermost part of the Pa. transitans Zone and in the Palmatolepis punctata Zone is noted. The crinoid distribution pattern comprises the interval of relatively high diversity, interrupted in the uppermost part of the Pa. transitans Zone, and the interval of temporary recovery in the lower Pa. punctata Zone. Such distribution patterns point to deterioration of environmental conditions across the Early-Middle Frasnian transition, coinciding with a large-scale C-isotopic perturbation superimposed on intermittent, two-step eustatic sea level rise. On the other hand, impoverished, surviving crinoid faunas and absence of ostracods in the Pa. punctata Zone indicate the overall long-term deterioration of life conditions through the major C-isotope anomaly time span. However, this may also result from synsedimentary tectonic pulses, causing block movements and large-scale resedimentation phenomena on the northern slope of the Dyminy Reef during the basal Middle Frasnian sea level rise

Population-based interventions for preventing falls and fall-related injuries in older people.

Around one-third of older adults aged 65 years or older who live in the community fall each year. Interventions to prevent falls can be designed to target the whole community, rather than selected individuals. These population-level interventions may be facilitated by different healthcare, social care, and community-level agencies. They aim to tackle the determinants that lead to risk of falling in older people, and include components such as community-wide polices for vitamin D supplementation for older adults, reducing fall hazards in the community or people's homes, or providing public health information or implementation of public health programmes that reduce fall risk (e.g. low-cost or free gym membership for older adults to encourage increased physical activity). To review and synthesise the current evidence on the effects of population-based interventions for preventing falls and fall-related injuries in older people. We defined population-based interventions as community-wide initiatives to change the underlying societal, cultural, or environmental conditions increasing the risk of falling. We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, three other databases, and two trials registers in December 2020, and conducted a top-up search of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and Embase in January 2023. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster RCTs, trials with stepped-wedge designs, and controlled non-randomised studies evaluating population-level interventions for preventing falls and fall-related injuries in adults ≥ 60 years of age. Population-based interventions target entire communities. We excluded studies only targeting people at high risk of falling or with specific comorbidities, or residents living in institutionalised settings. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane, and used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. We prioritised seven outcomes: rate of falls, number of fallers, number of people experiencing one or more fall-related injuries, number of people experiencing one or more fall-related fracture, number of people requiring hospital admission for one or more falls, adverse events, and economic analysis of interventions. Other outcomes of interest were: number of people experiencing one or more falls requiring medical attention, health-related quality of life, fall-related mortality, and concerns about falling. We included nine studies: two cluster RCTs and seven non-randomised trials (of which five were controlled before-and-after studies (CBAs), and two were controlled interrupted time series (CITS)). The numbers of older adults in intervention and control regions ranged from 1200 to 137,000 older residents in seven studies. The other two studies reported only total population size rather than numbers of older adults (67,300 and 172,500 residents). Most studies used hospital record systems to collect outcome data, but three only used questionnaire data in a random sample of residents; one study used both methods of data collection. The studies lasted between 14 months and eight years. We used Prevention of Falls Network Europe (ProFaNE) taxonomy to classify the types of interventions. All studies evaluated multicomponent falls prevention interventions. One study (n = 4542) also included a medication and nutrition intervention. We did not pool data owing to lack of consistency in study designs. Medication or nutrition Older people in the intervention area were offered free-of-charge daily supplements of calcium carbonate and vitamin D . Although female residents exposed to this falls prevention programme had fewer fall-related hospital admissions (with no evidence of a difference for male residents) compared to a control area, we were unsure of this finding because the certainty of evidence was very low. This cluster RCT included high and unclear risks of bias in several domains, and we could not determine levels of imprecision in the effect estimate reported by study authors. Because this evidence is of very low certainty, we have not included quantitative results here. This study reported none of our other review outcomes. Multicomponent interventions Types of interventions included components of exercise, environment modification (home; community; public spaces), staff training, and knowledge and education. Studies included some or all of these components in their programme design. The effectiveness of multicomponent falls prevention interventions for all reported outcomes is uncertain. The two cluster RCTs included high or unclear risk of bias, and we had no reasons to upgrade the certainty of evidence from the non-randomised trial designs (which started as low-certainty evidence). We also noted possible imprecision in some effect estimates and inconsistent findings between studies. Given the very low-certainty evidence for all outcomes, we have not reported quantitative findings here. One cluster RCT reported lower rates of falls in the intervention area than the control area, with fewer people in the intervention area having one or more falls and fall-related injuries, but with little or no difference in the number of people having one or more fall-related fractures. In another cluster RCT (a multi-arm study), study authors reported no evidence of a difference in the number of female or male residents with falls leading to hospital admission after either a multicomponent intervention ("environmental and health programme") or a combination of this programme and the calcium and vitamin D programme (above). One CBA reported no difference in rate of falls between intervention and control group areas, and another CBA reported no difference in rate of falls inside or outside the home. Two CBAs found no evidence of a difference in the number of fallers, and another CBA found no evidence of a difference in fall-related injuries. One CITS found no evidence of a difference in the number of people having one or more fall-related fractures. No studies reported adverse events. Given the very low-certainty evidence, we are unsure whether population-based multicomponent or nutrition and medication interventions are effective at reducing falls and fall-related injuries in older adults. Methodologically robust cluster RCTs with sufficiently large communities and numbers of clusters are needed. Establishing a rate of sampling for population-based studies would help in determining the size of communities to include. Interventions should be described in detail to allow investigation of effectiveness of individual components of multicomponent interventions; using the ProFaNE taxonomy for this would improve consistency between studies. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration.

Crinoid assemblages in the Polish Givetian and Frasnian

Givetian and Frasnian crinoid faunas of the Holy Cross Mts and Silesia-Cracow Region are arranged in fourteen assemblages. Their diversity decreases generally from northern to southern regions reflecting crinoid habitat differentiation during either platform or reef phases of facies development. Distributional patterns are superimposed on a six-step general succession of the faunas which was mainly controlled by environmental changes related to eustatic cycles. Nine crinoid species have been identified by calyces, thirteen species are based on stems attributed to calyx genera, and forty-eight kinds of columnals, probably representing distinct species, are classified within artificial supraspecific units. Of them thirteen are new: Anthinocrinus brevicostatus sp. n., Asperocrinus brevispinosus sp. n., Calleocrinus bicostatus sp. n., Calleocrinus kielcensis sp. n., Exaesiodiscus compositus sp. n., Kasachstanocrinus tenuis sp. n., Laudonomphalus pinguicostatus sp. n., Noctuicrinus? varius sp. n., Ricebocrinus parvus sp. n., Schyschcatocrinus delicatus sp. n., Schyschcatocrinus multiformis sp. n., Stenocrinus raricostatus sp. n., and Urushicrinus perbellus sp. n.Na podstawie kolekcji pochodzących z 40 stanowisk opisano faunę liliowców z żywetu i franu Gór Świętokrzyskich i regionu śląsko-krakowskiego. Spośród 70 wyróżnionych taksonów tylko 9 zidentyfikowano w oparciu o kielichy, a 13 innych reprezentowanych jedynie przez fragmenty łodyg przypisano do rodzajów uprzednio zdefiniowanych kielichami. Pozostałe typy łodyg, prawdopodobnie reprezentujące odrębne gatunki, sklasyfikowano w obrębie sztucznych jednostek kategorii ponadgatunkowych. Wśród nich opisano 13 nowych gatunków: Anthinocrinus brevicostatus sp. n., Asperocrinus brevispinosus sp. n., Calleocrinus bicostatus sp. n., Calleocrinus kielcensis sp. n., Exaesiodiscus compositus sp. n., Kasachstanocrinus tenuis sp. n., Laudonomphalus pinguicostatus sp. n., Noctuicrinus? varius sp. n., Ricebocrinus parvus sp. n., Schyschcatocrinus delicatus sp. n., Schyschcatocrinus multiformis sp. n., Stenocrinus raricostatus sp. n. i Urushicrinus perbellus sp. n. Fauna liliowcowa reprezentowana jest przez 14 zespołów liliowcowych wyróżnionych na podstawie analizy podobieństw taksonomicznych 60 prób i określonych nazwami dominujących taksonów: Anthinocrinus (Ab), Amurocrinus (Ai), Calleocrinus (Ck), Glyphidocrinus (G), Calleocrinus-Schyschcatocrinus (CkSm), Kasachstanocrinus-Marettocrinus (KtMa), Marettocrinus-Facetocrinus (MkFq), Schyschcatocrinus-Floricrinus (SdF), Schyschcatocrinus-Stenocrinus (SdSr), Schyschcatocrinus-Tjeecrinus (SdTi), Schyschcatocrinus (Smd), Schyschcatocrinus-Marettocrinus (SmMk), Stenocrinus-Noctuicrinus? (SrNv) i Tantalocrinus-Gilbertsocrinus (TsGv). Paleogeograficzne rozprzestrzenienie i skład taksonomiczny zespołów liliowcowych odzwierciedlają zróżnicowanie środowisk liliowcowych. Mniejsze taksonomiczne zróżnicowanie faun liliowcowych w południowej części obszaru świętokrzyskiego, wskazuje na mniej korzystne dla liliowców warunki środowiskowe w obrębie platformy stromatoporoidowo-koralowcowej, zwłaszcza w fazie platformowej rozwoju facjalnego. W czasie fazy rafowej następuje zmiana charakteru i pewne ujednolicenie składu taksonomicznego faun liliowcowych na całym obszarze. Jednak ich zróżnicowanie taksonomiczne jest generalnie mniejsze niż w fazie platformowej co świadczy o niekorzystnych zmianach w środowiskach liliowcowych. Istotne zmiany taksonomicznego zróżnicowania faun liliowcowych powodowane zasadniczymi zmianami środowiskowymi pozostają w ścisłym związku z ponadregionalnymi wydarzeniami eustatycznymi. Wśród liliowców z żywetu i franu obszaru świętokrzyskiego zaznacza się następstwo sześciu faun liliowcowych, których rozwój wyraźnie wiąże się z kolejnymi cyklami transgresywno-regresywnymi: G. vetulus/N. ?varius (If - faza transgresywna), A. imatschensis (If - faza regresywna), A. brevicostatus (IIа), T. simplex (IIb), C. kielcensis (IIc) i T. insectus (IId)

O mikrostrukturze członów łodyg liliowców z osadów paleozoicznych Polski

Scanning electron microscope was used to study columnals of crinoids of Pisocrinus (?) costatus (Shevchenko), Schyschcatocrinus sp., Cyclocaudiculus gracilis Głuchowski, Rhysocamax cristata Moore et Jeffords and Platycrinites minor Głuchowski from Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous deposits of Poland. The presence of microstructures, interpreted as stereom α and stereom β have been confirmed and the occurrence of what is known as “large” microstructures on the lateral surface of the columnals of Schyschcatocrinus sp. have been stated. Three types within the “large” microstructures have been distinguished, the first of them marked by a close spacing of round, oval or elongated pores, the second — with round, less closely spaced pores and the third — having irregular, labyrinthic furrows and depressions.Elementy szkieletowe liliowców paleozoicznych stosunkowo rzadko zachowują swoją pierwotną sieciową strukturą w postaci przestrzennego układu kalcytowych beleczek i pręcików (stereom). Gdy szczątki te zostaną pogrzebane w materiale gwarantującym ich bardzo dobry stan zachowania, można przy pomocy odpowiedniego preparowania struktury te obserwować wykorzystując skanningowy mikroskop elektronowy (SEM). Dla pięciu gatunków: Pisocrinus (?) costatus (Schevtschenko), Schyschcatocrinus sp., Cyclocaudiculus gracilis Głuchowski, Rhysocamax cristata Moore et Jeffords i Platycrinites minor Głuchowski z osadów syluru, dewonu i karbonu wykazano istnienie mikrostruktur interpretowanych jako stereom α i stereom β (pl. 27; pl. 28; tablica 1). Mikrostruktura ta była wcześniej obserwowana na materiale współczesnym i pochodzącym z mezozoiku i kenozoiku. Ponadto po raz pierwszy stwierdzono i opisano tzw. „duże” mikrostruktury na powierzchni bocznej Schyschcatocrinus sp. Podzielono je na trzy grupy różniące się między sobą budową (pl. 29). Typ pierwszy charakteryzuje się gęstym ułożeniem okrągłych, owalnych lub wydłużonych porów, typ drugi charakteryzuje się rzadszym rozmieszczeniem porów okrągłych, natomiast typ trzeci stanowią nieregularne, labiryntycznie biegnące bruzdy

Epibionts on upper Eifelian crinoid columnals from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Most of 378 upper Eifelian crinoid columnals collected from the lower part of Skały Beds in the Holy Cross Mountains display traces of borings produced by endobionts, but only approximately 20% of them show traces of epibionts. These infested crinoids are represented by 5 stem−based species: Tantalocrinus scutellus, Schyschcatocrinus creber, Gilbertsocrinus vetulus, Pentagonostipes petaloides, and Cycloocetocrinussp. They were fouled by 19 species of suspension−feeding epibionts, including saccamminid foraminiferans, rugose and tabulate corals, cyrtinitid and productid brachiopods, “ctenostome bryozoans”, “cyclostome bryozoans”, cystoporate bryozoans, and rhabdomesid? bryozoans, crinoids, and organisms of uncertain affinities. The majority of these epibionts were opportunistic commensals colonizing living crinoids, and only some utilized dead crinoids as hard substrate for attachment. At least some of these epibionts seem to have settled selectively on particular crinoid host species

Crinoid and ostracod succesion within the Early-Middle Frasnian interval in the Wietrznia quarry, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Early–Middle Frasnian ostracods and crinoids from Wietrznia in the Northern Kielce subregion of the Holy Cross area were analyzed. Twenty three ostracod species assigned to thirteen named genera, as well as eighteen crinoid species including the representatives of fifteen stem−based taxa were distinguished. For most of the species open nomenclature is applied. The composition of ostracod assemblage changes from moderately diverse in the lower part of the Palmatolepis transitans Zone to poorly diverse in its higher part. Lack of ostracods in the uppermost part of the Pa. transitans Zone and in the Palmatolepis punctata Zone is noted. The crinoid distribution pattern comprises the interval of relatively high diversity, interrupted in the uppermost part of the Pa. transitans Zone, and the interval of temporary recovery in the lower Pa. punctata Zone. Such distribution patterns point to deterioration of environmental conditions across the Early–Middle Frasnian transition, coinciding with a large−scale C−isotopic perturbation superimposed on intermittent, two−step eustatic sea level rise. On the other hand, impoverished, surviving crinoid faunas and absence of ostracods in the Pa. punctata Zone indicate the overall long−term deterioration of life conditions through the major C−isotope anomaly time span. However, this may also result from synsedimentary tectonic pulses, causing block movements and large−scale resedimentation phenomena on the northern slope of the Dyminy Reef during the basal Middle Frasnian sea level rise

Designing innovative food NOTE by NOTE

Celem pracy jest zaprezentowanie idei i możliwości projektowania innowacyjnych dań kuchni Note by Note. Dania te charakteryzuje użycie czystych związków chemicznych lub ich mieszanin. Nie używa się tradycyjnych produktów roślinnych i zwierzęcych, gdyż nie można ich kontrolować podczas procesu gotowania. Koncepcja ta nie jest rozpowszechniona. Na podstawie literatury przedmiotu omówiono projektowanie dań pod względem: kształtu, konsystencji, barwy, zapachu, smaku, stymulacji nerwu trójdzielnego, temperatury i nazwy dania. Wskazano na różne aspekty ich tworzenia: żywieniowy, technologiczny, toksykologiczny, ekonomiczny, polityczny i społeczny. Dokonano analizy SWOT rozwoju kuchni Note by Note. Do jej mocnych stron należą: innowacyjność, atrakcyjność sensoryczna dań, skrócenie czasu przygotowania i serwowania dań w gastronomii. Ograniczeniem jej rozwoju może być niechęć konsumentów do chemizacji żywności, przywiązanie do tradycji, wysoka cena i nietypowy wygląd potraw. Kuchnia Note by Note wymaga jeszcze dopracowania i oceny naukowej pod względem wpływu użytych technologii na wartość odżywczą, skład stosowanych surowców oraz na interakcje zachodzące między nimi w czasie procesu technologicznego.The aim of paper is to present the core concept and design possibilities of Note by Note dishes. Innovative Note by Note cuisine is characterized by the use of pure chemical compounds or their mixtures for the food production. The traditional plant and animal products are not used, because they are a mixture of compounds that cannot be controlled during cooking process. This is not an easy task and requires a lot of knowledge in the field of food technology and food chemistry. The cooperation of chefs and scientists is necessary. Creating new dishes must be well thought out before action. Based on the literature, various aspects of creating these dishes, such as: nutritional, technological, toxicological, economic, political and social ones, were indicated. Designing dishes in terms of: shape, texture, colour, aroma, flavour, trigeminal nerve stimulation, temperature, and name of dish were discussed. All these elements are linked and affect the palatability and acceptance of the food product. However, there are many possibilities of solutions for each attributes. Previously created dishes have flavours like natural products, but many of them lack the fullness of flavour. The premise of this cuisine is also based on nutritional aspects. It is not yet known whether the food created in this way will prove itself better than the natural food. The creators of this cuisine are also considering attractive names of dishes, which would encourage to consumption. The SWOT analysis of this cuisine in the future was prepared. Their strengths are innovation, sensory attractiveness, the possibility of shortening the time of preparation and serving in restaurants. Weaknesses of this cuisine is the consumers’ attachment to tradition and their aversion to chemicalization of food, as well as the high price and the unusual appearance of dishes. The concept of creating Note by Note dishes is not widespread. This cuisine requires more refinement and scientific assessment of the influence of the technologies on the nutritional value, changes in the composition of the raw materials used and on the interactions between them during the process

Eksperymentalne badania zjawiska kruszenia się destruktu betonowego

This paper presents the results of studies on crushing phenomena during the Proctor compaction test on Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA). Increase in demand for materials in road construction industry creates the need for new materials which can replace natural aggregates (NA). Moreover, it should be noted that NA are a non-renewable resource in opposite to, for example RCA which could be recycled and become a part of road construction. There are many material properties, which need to be clarifi ed and crushing phenomenon is one of them. The following article analyses the issue of crushing. Selected blends which differs by gradation curves were tested. Tests have been made according to Proctor's method in various moisture conditions. The paper ends with fi nal remarks for practical application of the RCA.W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki zjawiska kruszenia się destruktu betonowego (RCA) podczas badania wilgotności optymalnej metodą Proctora. Wzrost zapotrzebowania na materiały budowlane tworzy potrzebę zastosowania nowych, dotychczas niewykorzystywanych materiałów, które mogą zastąpić kruszywo naturalne (NA). Należy zaznaczyć, że NA jest źródłem nieodnawialnym w przeciwieństwie do RCA, który poprzez wbudowanie w konstrukcję jest recyklingiem. W przypadku materiałów antropogenicznych istnieje wiele niewyjaśnionych właściwości, jednym z nich jest zjawisko kruszenia się. W tym artykule przedstawiono opis tego zjawiska. Wyznaczone rodzaje gruntu różnią się pod względem właściwości uziarnienia. Badania wykonano za pomocą aparatu Proctora w różnych warunkach zagęszczania. Artykuł kończy się wnioskami dotyczącymi zjawiska kruszenia wraz z praktycznymi wskazówkami