Immune signature of multiple sclerosis-associated depression

Multiple neurobiological pathways have been implicated in the pathobiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). The identification of reliable biological substrates across the entire MDD spectrum, however, is hampered by a vast heterogeneity in the clinical presentation, presumably as a consequence of heterogeneous pathobiology. One way to overcome this limitation could be to explore disease subtypes based on biological similarity such as "inflammatory depression". As such a subtype may be particularly enriched in depressed patients with an underlying inflammatory condition, multiple sclerosis (MS) could provide an informative disease context for this approach. Few studies have explored immune markers of MS-associated depression and replications are missing. To address this, we analyzed data from two independent case-control studies on immune signatures of MS-associated depression, conducted at two different academic MS centers (overall sample size of n=132). Using a stepwise data-driven approach, we identified CD4(+)CCR7(low)T(CM) cell frequencies as a robust correlate of depression in MS. This signature was associated with core symptoms of depression and depression severity (but not MS severity per se) and linked to neuroinflammation as determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Furthermore, exploratory analyses of T cell polarization revealed this was largely driven by cells with a TH(1)-like phenotype. Our findings suggest (neuro)immune pathways linked to affective symptoms of autoimmune disorders such as MS, with potential relevance for the understanding of "inflammatory" subtypes of depression

Multiplicação in vitro DE Ficus carica L.: efeito da cinetina e do ácido giberélico In vitro multiplication of Ficus carica L.: kinetin and giberelic acid effects

A cultura da figueira é afetada pelo vírus-do-mosaico e a cultura de tecidos é uma alternativa para se proceder à limpeza clonal. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estudar o efeito da cinetina e GA3 na multiplicação in vitro da figueira. Segmentos nodais foram inoculados em meio de cultura WPM contendo as seguintes combinações de cinetina (0; 0,5; 1; 2 e 4 mg.L-1) e GA3 (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 mg.L-1). Avaliaram-se número e comprimento dos brotos, peso da matéria fresca e seca da parte aérea, número de raízes, peso da matéria fresca e seca do sistema radicular e de calos. A utilização de 0,5 mg.L-1 de cinetina promoveu melhor taxa de multiplicação in vitro de Ficus carica. O GA3 reduziu a formação e multiplicação dos brotos e induziu ao estiolamento, à hiperidricidade, clorose e necrose apical das plântulas.<br>The fig culture is affected by mosaic virus and the tissue culture is an alternative in the clonal cleaning. The kinetin and GA3 effects on in vitro fig multiplication was studied. Nodal segments were inoculated in WPM culture medium containing the following combination of kinetin (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg.L-1) and GA3 (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg.L-1). The number and length, fresh and dry weigh matter of aerial part, number of roots, fresh and dry weight matter of root system and fresh and dry weight matter of callus were evaluated. The use of kinetin 0.5 mg.L-1 promoted higher rates of in vitro Ficus carica multiplication. The GA3 reduced the formation and shoot multiplication, and induced etiolation, hyperhydricity, clorosis and apical necrosis at the plantlets