Risk factors of adverse outcome of COVID-19 and experience of Tocilizumab administration in patients on maintenance hemodialysis due to diabetic kidney disease

BACKGROUND: Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) are at a high risk of adverse clinical course of COVID-19. To date, the causes of high mortality in these groups are not fully understood. Data about peculiarity of clinical course and Tocilizumab (TCZ) administration in patients with T2DM receiving MHD due to outcome of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are not yet highlighted in current publications.AIMS: Identification of risk factors (RF) of adverse COVID-19 outcome and evaluation of TCZ administration in patients with T2DM receiving MHD due to DKD.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients treated in Moscow City Hospital No52 were included in retrospective observational study. The observation period was from 04.15 to 07.30 2020. The study endpoints were the outcomes of hospitalization — discharge or lethal outcome. Data were collected from electronic medical database. The following independent variables were analysed: gender, age, body mass index, time from the onset of symptoms to hospital admission, cardiovascular and general comorbidity (Charlson Index, CCI), cardiovascular event (CVE) during hospitalization, treatment in ICU, mechanical ventilation (MV), degree of lung damage according to CT data, level of prandial glycemia at admission, MHDassociated parameters (vintage, type of vascular access, frequency of complications). The autopsy reports were evaluated for the purpose of lethal structure investigation. In a subgroup treated TCZ the time from symptoms onset to TCZ administration and number of laboratory indicators were evaluated.RESULTS: 53 patients were included, mean age 68 ±9 y, males — 49%. General mortality in observation cohort was 45%, mortality in ICU — 81%, mortality on MV — 95%. High cardiovascular and general comorbidity was revealed (mean CCI — 8,3 ±1,5 points). The causes of outcomes according to autopsy reports data: CVE 37,5% (among them — acute myocardial infarction during hospitalization), severe respiratory failure — 62,5%. The independent predictors of lethal outcome were: MV (OR 106; 95% CI 11,5–984; р <0,001), 3-4 degree of lung damage according to CT data (ОR 6,2; 95% CI 1,803–21,449; р = 0,005), CVE during hospitalization (ОR 18,9; 95% CI 3,631–98,383; р <0,001); CCI ≥10 points (ОR 4,33; 95% CI 1,001–18,767; р = 0,043), level of prandial glycemia at admission ≥10 mmol/l (ОR 10,4; 95% CI 2,726–39,802; р <0,001). For risk identification of upcoming lethal outcome a predictive model was created with the use of discovered RF as variables. The predictive value of this model is 92,45% (positive prognostic value — 96,5%, negative prognostic value — 87,5%).In TCZ treated subgroup the laboratory markers of adverse outcome were detected with application of correlation analysis. Among them: increasing level of CPR 24-48 hours before lethal outcome (r = 0,82), the reduction of lymphocytes count after TCZ administration (r = -0,49), increasing of leukocytes and further reduction of lymphocytes count 24-48 hours before lethal outcome (r = 0,55 и r = -0,52, resp.)).CONCLUSIONS: The number of RF of adverse COVID-19 outcome in patients with T2DM receiving MHD due to DKD are identified. CVE is one of the leading causes of mortality in study cohort. According to our experience the preventive (instead of rescue) strategy of TCZ administration should be used

Обратимая легочная гипертензия у пациентки после трансплантации почки с длительно функционирующей артериовенозной фистулой

Case report of reversible high pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patient with successful kidney transplantation (KT) is presented. The distinction of the case was the functioning arteriovenous fistula (AVF) with excessive blood flow during 15 years in the absence of indications for hemodialysis. Consequently, PH was complicated by serious congestive heart failure (CHF) with high cardiac output. Surgical closure of AVF resulted in complete regression of clinical, instrumental and laboratory signs and symptoms of PH and CHF within 2 weeks. The pathogenic role of excessive AVF blood flow in PH and CHF formation is a point of discussion. Surgical closure of AVF with excessive blood flow is recommended in cases of presence of symptomatic PH and CHF in patients after successful KT.Представлено описание клинического случая обратимой высокой легочной гипертензии (ЛГ) у пациентки с успешной трансплантацией почки (ТП), особенностью которого было функционирование артериовенозной фистулы (АВФ) с избыточным кровотоком в течение 15 лет при отсутствии показаний к проведению гемодиализа. ЛГ сопровождалась развитием тяжелой застойной сердечной недостаточности (ЗСН) с высоким сердечным выбросом. Лигирование АВФ привело к полному регрессу клинико-инструментальных и лабораторных признаков ЛГ и ЗСН в течение 2 недель. Обсуждается патогенетическая роль избыточного кровотока по АВФ в формировании ЛГ и ЗСН. Рекомендуется лигирование АВФ с избыточным кровотоком в случае формирования симптомной ЛГ у пациентов после успешной ТП

COVID-19-ассоциированный бивентрикулярный синдром Такоцубо, осложнившийся кардиогенным шоком (клиническое наблюдение)

Acute myocardial dysfunction (AMD) remains prominent among extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Takotsubo syndrome (TS) is one of the causes of AMD development. TS incidence in patients with COVID-19 is currently unknown. The report presents a clinical case of an elderly female patient on maintenance hemodialysis with severe COVID-19. During the session of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), the patient had an episode of ventricular fibrillation followed by cardiogenic shock development and ECG changes, similar to myocardial infarction. Echocardiographic (Echo) data showed a distinctive pattern of biventricular TS with a significant systolic function decrease in both ventricles. Emergency CT angiography ruled out obstructive lesions of coronary arteries. Full recovery of both ventricles systolic function, regression of ECG changes, and complete resolution of cardiogenic shock were observed within the next week. The subsequent course of the disease was complicated by sepsis and multiple organ failure which determined the lethal outcome.The autopsy findings excluded coronarogenic and viral myocardial damage. The presented case demonstrates a life-threatening TS pattern in patients with severe COVID-19. TPE procedure should be treated as a possible trigger of TS.Среди внелегочных проявлений COVID-19 важное место занимает острая миокардиальная дисфункция. Одной из причин ее развития является синдром Такоцубо (СТ). Частота встречаемости СТ у пациентов с COVID-19 неизвестна. Представлено клиническое наблюдение пожилой пациентки с тяжелым течением COVID-19, получавшей лечение программным гемодиализом. В ходе сеанса терапевтического плазмообмена развился эпизод фибрилляции желудочков с формированием клинико-инструментальной картины кардиогенного шока, сопровождавшейся инфарктоподобными изменениями ЭКГ. По данным Эхо-КГ выявлен типичный паттерн бивентрикулярного СТ с выраженным снижением систолической функции обоих желудочков. По результатам экстренной коронароангиографии обструктивного поражения коронарного русла не выявлено. В течение последующей недели лечения отмечались полное восстановление систолической функции обоих желудочков, регресс инфарктоподобных изменений ЭКГ и разрешение кардиогенного шока. Дальнейшее течение заболевания осложнилось развитием сепсиса и полиорганной недостаточности, приведших к летальному исходу. По данным аутопсии коронарогенное и вирусное поражение миокарда были исключены.Представленный случай демонстрирует развитие жизнеугрожающего варианта СТ у пациентки с COVID-19. В качестве вероятного триггера следует рассматривать процедуру терапевтического плазмообмена

Опыт применения фокусированного ультразвукового исследования сердца у пациентов с COVID-19 в Prone-позиции

Aim of the study. To study the experience of using focused transthoracic echocardiography in patients with COVID-19 in prone position (fEchoPr) in intensive care units (ICU).Materials and methods. The retrospective observational study included 53 patients (period from 15 April to 31 December 2020). Inclusion criteria: confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, availability of fEchoPr data, outcome certainty (discharge/death). We analyzed electronic medical records. The fEchoPr was performed in patients in the prone position with a bolster under the left side of the chest and left arm raised (‘swimmer’s position’). We assessed the systolic function of the right ventricle (RV) (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE)), RV size, RV/LV ratio, systolic function of the left ventricle (LV) (left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral. (LVOT VTI)), and pulmonary hypertension (PH) (tricuspid regurgitation peak gradient (PGTR). Depending on the results, the patients were divided into 2 groups: informative (+fEchoPr) and non-informative (–fEchoPr) examinations.Results. There was no statistically significant difference in the groups (+fEcho n = 35 vs –fEcho n = 18) by age (65.6 ± 15.3 vs 60.2 ± 15.8, p > 0.05), by gender (male: 23 (65.7%) vs 14 (77.8%), p > 0.05), by body mass index (31.3 ± 5.3 kg/m 2 vs 29.5 ± 5.4 kg/m2 , p > 0.05), by mechanical ventilation support (24 (68.6%) vs 17 (94.4%), p = 0.074), by NEWS scale indicators (6.9 ± 3.7 vs 8.5 ± 3.5 points), by mortality (82.8% vs 94.4%, p > 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a moderate inverse relationship between being on mechanical ventilation and the informative value of the study (Spearman's r = −0.30 at p = 0.033). In the +fEchoPr group, the correct measurement of TAPSE and RV/LV was carried out in 100%: a decrease in RV systolic function was recorded in 5 patients (14%), expansion of the RV in 13 patients (37%). Signs of PH were detected in 11 patients (31%), PGTR could not be measured in 10 patients (28%). LV systolic dysfunction was detected in 7 patients (20%). No pathology was detected in 16 patients (46%). One patient was diagnosed with infective endocarditis of native mitral valve, which was later confirmed by autopsy.Conclusion. In 66% of cases, fEchoPr examinations were informative, especially in terms of assessing the state of the right heart. fEchoPr examination is an affordable, valid and reproducible method to assess and monitor the state of the heart in ICU patients.Цель исследования: изучение опыта применения фокусированного трансторакального эхокардиографического исследования в Prone-позиции (фЭхоPr) в отделениях реанимации и интенсивной терапии (ОРИТ) у пациентов с COVID-19.Материал и методы. В ретроспективное наблюдательное исследование включено 53 пациента (период 15.04–31.12.20). Критерии включения: подтвержденный диагноз COVID-19, наличие данных фЭхоPr, определенность исхода (выписка/смерть). Анализировались электронные истории болезни. фЭхоPr выполнялось в положении пациента на животе с валиком под левой частью грудной клетки и поднятой левой рукой (“поза пловца”). Проводилась оценка систолической функции правого желудочка (ПЖ) (измерение экскурсии фиброзного кольца трикуспидального клапана (TAPSE)), размера ПЖ, систолической функции левого желудочка (ЛЖ) (измерение интеграла линейной скорости кровотока в выходном тракте ЛЖ (VTIвтлж)), параметра ПЖ/ЛЖ, легочной гипертензии (ЛГ) (измерение пикового градиента трикуспидальной регургитации (PGTR)). В зависимости от результатов пациенты были разделены на 2 группы: информативные (+фЭхоPr) и неинформативные (−фЭхоPr) исследования.Результаты. Не выявлено статистически значимой разницы в группах (+фЭхоPr n = 35 vs -фЭхоPr n = 18) по возрасту (65,6 ± 15,3 года vs 60,2 ± 15,8 года, р > 0,05), полу (муж.: 23 (65,7%) vs 14 (77,8%), р > 0,05), индексу массы тела (31,3 ± 5,3 кг/м 2 vs 29,5 ± 5,4 кг/м2 , р > 0,05), нахождению на искусственной вентиляции легких (ИВЛ) (24 (68,6%) vs 17 (94,4%), р = 0,074), показателям шкалы NEWS (6,9 ± 3,7 vs 8,5 ± 3,5 балла), летальности (82,8% vs 94,4%, р > 0,05). Корреляционный анализ выявил умеренную обратную связь между нахождением на ИВЛ и информативностью исследования (r-Спирмена = −0,30 при р = 0,033). В группе +фЭхоPr корректное измерение TAPSE и ПЖ/ЛЖ проведено в 100%: снижение систолической функции ПЖ зафиксировано у 5 (14%), расширение ПЖ у 13 (37%) пациентов. Признаки ЛГ выявлены у 11 (31%), измерить PGTR не удалось у 10 (28%) человек. Систолическая дисфункция ЛЖ выявлена у 7 (20%). Не было выявлено патологии у 16 (46%) пациентов. У одного пациента диагностирован инфекционный эндокардит нативного митрального клапана, подтвердившийся при проведении аутопсии.Заключение. В 66% случаев проведение фЭхоPr было информативным, особенно в части оценки состояния правых отделов сердца. фЭхоPr – доступный, валидный и воспроизводимый метод оценки и мониторинга состояния сердца у пациентов в ОРИТ

Clinical and instrumental predictors of upcoming cardiac free wall rupture due to acute miocardial infarction

Medical records and autopsy reports of 839 patients admitted to City Hospital N52 were reviewed. 42 patients died from cardiac free wall rupture. Single-factorial analysis was performed to find out the predictors of upcoming cardiac free wall rupture and multi-factorial analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of free wall rupture. A number of cardiac free wall rupture predictors were identified: 1) long-term chest pain (> 1,5 hours); 2) early appearance of Q-wave and rapid inversion of T-wave during first hours of Q-AMI; 3) ST-elevation > 4 mm in two or more ECG leads; 4) prolongation of QRST-complex; 5) ECG evidence of acute interventricular conduction disturbances; 6) hyperkinesias of intact myocardium in accordance with ejection fraction 75 years; 6) primary Q-AMI; 7) ST-elevation > 4 mm in two or more ECG leads. Early cardiac free wall rupture due to acute Q-AMI could be predicted with the help of anamnestic, clinical and instrumental data analysis

Results of surgical treatment of children with PFAPA syndrome

Rationale. Currently, the literature describes about 374 cases of Marshall syndrome. According to some authors, the prevalence of Marshall syndrome is 2.3 per 10,000 children, in general, the epidemiology of PFAPA syndrome in the pediatric population is unknown.Purpose. The aim of our study is to justify surgical treatment in children with Marshall syndrome. Objectives. The objectives of this study are to give a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of tonsillectomy and adenotonzyllectomy for this syndrome and to evaluate the quality of life indicators before and after surgical treatment.Materials and methods. The study included 26 patients with Marshall syndrome, of which 18 patients underwent adenotonzyllectomy and 8 patients underwent bilateral tonsillectomy. A clinical case of a typical manifestation of Marshall syndrome is also described, and follow-up results of the effectiveness of surgical treatment for Marshall syndrome are presented. In the course of the work, an adapted questionnaire was developed to assess the quality of life of parents of children with Marshall syndrome.Results. The result of our work is the fact that in relation to the relief of PFAPA-syndrome, children of preschool and primary school age have more effective adenotonsillectomy (88.2%), while tonsillectomy was effective only in 55.6% of patients.Conclusion. A multidisciplinary approach is required to address the diagnosis and treatment of Marshall syndrome