SMART CARD APPLICATIONS OVERVIEW AND A PROPOSAL FOR INTEGRATING DRIVING LICENSE CARD WITH CITIZENSHIP CARD

Immense developments in electronics have made it possible to have memory storage and processor power in a single integrated chip. Packing this chip in a card made the card “smart”. Smart cards can act as payment vehicles, access keys, information managers and marketing tools. With new open and communication technologies these cards can be multifunctional and downloadable from the air. Here, a survey of major smart card applications worldwide is introduced. Use of smart cards in a public transportation system involving buses and train in İzmir is presented as a case study. Then, a design for integrating MERNIS identity number project with citizenship card, driving license and restricted e-purse applications is proposed

Environmental Legitimacy, Green Innovation, and Corporate Carbon Disclosure: Evidence from CDP China 100

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Firms worldwide are increasingly required to disclose (and make efforts to reduce) their carbon emissions due to the environmental damage associated with climate change. Because there has been no previous literature focusing on the determinants of corporate carbon disclosure integrating environmental legitimacy and green innovation, the present study attempted to develop an original framework to fill the research gap. This study explored the influence of environmental legitimacy (an external informal mechanism) on corporate carbon disclosure, and investigated the role of green innovation (an internal formal mechanism) as a mediator. With the samples of Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) in China from 2008 to 2012, the results demonstrate that environmental legitimacy significantly negatively influences the likelihood of corporate carbon disclosure, and that green process innovation mediates the relationship, while green product innovation has no significant mediating effect. It means that environmental legitimacy not only directly affects the likelihood of corporate carbon disclosure, but also indirectly affects it via green process innovation. Hence, companies must increase both informal and formal mechanisms, i.e., external environmental legitimacy and internal green process innovation, to engage in carbon information disclosure and ensure sustainability