3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial

Background Liraglutide 3\ub70 mg was shown to reduce bodyweight and improve glucose metabolism after the 56-week period of this trial, one of four trials in the SCALE programme. In the 3-year assessment of the SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes trial we aimed to evaluate the proportion of individuals with prediabetes who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, adults with prediabetes and a body-mass index of at least 30 kg/m2, or at least 27 kg/m2 with comorbidities, were randomised 2:1, using a telephone or web-based system, to once-daily subcutaneous liraglutide 3\ub70 mg or matched placebo, as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity. Time to diabetes onset by 160 weeks was the primary outcome, evaluated in all randomised treated individuals with at least one post-baseline assessment. The trial was conducted at 191 clinical research sites in 27 countries and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01272219. Findings The study ran between June 1, 2011, and March 2, 2015. We randomly assigned 2254 patients to receive liraglutide (n=1505) or placebo (n=749). 1128 (50%) participants completed the study up to week 160, after withdrawal of 714 (47%) participants in the liraglutide group and 412 (55%) participants in the placebo group. By week 160, 26 (2%) of 1472 individuals in the liraglutide group versus 46 (6%) of 738 in the placebo group were diagnosed with diabetes while on treatment. The mean time from randomisation to diagnosis was 99 (SD 47) weeks for the 26 individuals in the liraglutide group versus 87 (47) weeks for the 46 individuals in the placebo group. Taking the different diagnosis frequencies between the treatment groups into account, the time to onset of diabetes over 160 weeks among all randomised individuals was 2\ub77 times longer with liraglutide than with placebo (95% CI 1\ub79 to 3\ub79, p<0\ub70001), corresponding with a hazard ratio of 0\ub721 (95% CI 0\ub713\u20130\ub734). Liraglutide induced greater weight loss than placebo at week 160 (\u20136\ub71 [SD 7\ub73] vs 121\ub79% [6\ub73]; estimated treatment difference 124\ub73%, 95% CI 124\ub79 to 123\ub77, p<0\ub70001). Serious adverse events were reported by 227 (15%) of 1501 randomised treated individuals in the liraglutide group versus 96 (13%) of 747 individuals in the placebo group. Interpretation In this trial, we provide results for 3 years of treatment, with the limitation that withdrawn individuals were not followed up after discontinuation. Liraglutide 3\ub70 mg might provide health benefits in terms of reduced risk of diabetes in individuals with obesity and prediabetes. Funding Novo Nordisk, Denmark

Формирование хранилища и анализ больших данных передвижений в городе

В статье рассмотрена концепция построения хранилища данных путей передвижения для интеллектуальной транспортной системы города. Приведен математический аппарат формализованного описания транспортной системы на основе гиперсети, дуги которой являются путями передвижения. Рассмотрен рекурсивный алгоритм получения данных о путях передвижения, а также механизм использования матриц смежности по маршрутным связям. Исследования проводятся в рамках проекта АР05133699 «Исследование и разработка инновационно-телекоммуникационных технологий с использованием современных кибертехнических средств для интеллектуальной транспортной системы города». The article discusses the concept of constructing a repository of data on travel routes for the intellectual transport system of the city. The mathematical apparatus of a formalized description of a transport system based on a hypernet, whose arcs are paths of movement, is given. A recursive algorithm for obtaining data on paths of movement, as well as a mechanism for using adjacency matrices for route connections, is considered. Research is carried out as part of the project AR05133699 “Research and development of innovative telecommunication technologies using modern cyber-technical means for the intellectual transport system of the city”

A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management

BACKGROUND Obesity is a chronic disease with serious health consequences, but weight loss is difficult to maintain through lifestyle intervention alone. Liraglutide, a glucagonlike peptide-1 analogue, has been shown to have potential benefit for weight management at a once-daily dose of 3.0 mg, injected subcutaneously. METHODS We conducted a 56-week, double-blind trial involving 3731 patients who did not have type 2 diabetes and who had a body-mass index (BMI; the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of at least 30 or a BMI of at least 27 if they had treated or untreated dyslipidemia or hypertension. We randomly assigned patients in a 2:1 ratio to receive once-daily subcutaneous injections of liraglutide at a dose of 3.0 mg (2487 patients) or placebo (1244 patients); both groups received counseling on lifestyle modification. The coprimary end points were the change in body weight and the proportions of patients losing at least 5% and more than 10% of their initial body weight. RESULTS At baseline, the mean (±SD) age of the patients was 45.1±12.0 years, the mean weight was 106.2±21.4 kg, and the mean BMI was 38.3±6.4; a total of 78.5% of the patients were women and 61.2% had prediabetes. At week 56, patients in the liraglutide group had lost a mean of 8.4±7.3 kg of body weight, and those in the placebo group had lost a mean of 2.8±6.5 kg (a difference of -5.6 kg; 95% confidence interval, -6.0 to -5.1; P&lt;0.001, with last-observation-carried-forward imputation). A total of 63.2% of the patients in the liraglutide group as compared with 27.1% in the placebo group lost at least 5% of their body weight (P&lt;0.001), and 33.1% and 10.6%, respectively, lost more than 10% of their body weight (P&lt;0.001). The most frequently reported adverse events with liraglutide were mild or moderate nausea and diarrhea. Serious events occurred in 6.2% of the patients in the liraglutide group and in 5.0% of the patients in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS In this study, 3.0 mg of liraglutide, as an adjunct to diet and exercise, was associated with reduced body weight and improved metabolic control. (Funded by Novo Nordisk; SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes NN8022-1839 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01272219.)

Vliyanie polimorfizma gena angiotenzin-I-prevrashchayushchego fermenta (APF) na antiproteinuricheskiy effekt ingibitorov APF u molodykh bol'nykh insulinzavisimym sakharnym diabetom

Актуальность. В последние годы широко обсуждается генетический риск развития диабетической нефропатии в зависимости от полиморфизма гена ангиотензин-1-превращающего фермента (АСЕ). Исходя из ведущей роли гемодинамических нарушений в развитии и прогрессировании ДН, обоснована патогенетическая терапия этого осложнения ингибиторами ангиотензин-1-превращающего фермента (АПФ). Однако у пациентов с нормальным артериальным давлением эффективность этих препаратов мало изучена. Вопросы продолжительности лечения, доз и терапевтической тактики требуют дальнейшего уточнения. Цель. Целью исследования явилась оценка эффективности ингибиторов АПФ в лечении ДН у детей, подростков и молодых людей с нормальным артериальным давлением, заболевших ИЗСД в детстве, в зависимости от вида препарата, дозы, продолжительности лечения, полиморфизма гена АСЕ. Материалы и методы. Обследовали 73 пациента с ДН (на стадии МАУ и протеинурии) в возрасте от 12 лет до 21 года с длительностью заболевания от 2 до 18 лет. Пациенты получали инсулинотерапию в интенсифицированном режиме. Определялись гликированный гемоглобин (HbA1С) и микроальбуминурия (МАУ) дважды в ночной порции мочи по полоскам "Микраль-тест И" и однократно в суточном анализе мочи турбодиметрическим методом на автоматическом спектрофотометре "Spectrum Abbott laboratory". Для изучения генетических маркеров ДН проводили исследование гена, который картирован на 17-й хромосоме и представлен в виде 2 аллелей I и D по типу вставки и отсутствия вставки. Изучена эффективность двух препаратов из группы ингибиторов АПФ - эналаприла в дозе и рамиприла. В течение 12 нед 46 пациентов (38 с микроальбуминурией и 8 с протеинурией) получали ренитек в дозе 5 мг в сутки, 28 пациентов (24 с микроальбуминурией и 4 с протеинурией) получали тритаце в дозе 2,5 мг в сутки. Результаты. У пациентов с нефропатией отмечена тенденция к накоплению генотипа DD. тогда как у больных без нефропатии - достоверное накопление генотипов, содержащих аллель I. Результаты проведенного исследования сопоставимы с данными других авторов, полученными на взрослых больных с ИЗСД из московской популяции, где была обнаружена связь между I / D полиморфизмом гена АСЕ и предрасположенностью к нефропатии. При оценке антипротеинурического эффекта ингибиторов АПФ от исходного уровня альбуминурии и протеинурии у пациентов с исходным уровнем МАУ менее 100 мг/сут частота абсолютного антипротеинурического эффекта составила 80.9% и была достоверно выше по сравнению с больными с уровнем микроальбуминурии 100-300 мг/сут, где эффективность лечения снизилась практически в 2 раза. В группе с уровнем МАУ более 300 мг/су т случаи абсолютного антипротеинурического эффект а были редкими (37%) и зарегистрированы только у больных с МАУ (экскреция альбумина с мочой 300 - 500 мг/сут). Выводы. У нормотензивных молодых больных с ИЗСД на стадии начинающейся нефропатии, в генотипе которых содержался даже один аллель I (II и ID), отмечен высокий антипротеинурический эффект ренитека и тритаце в субпрессорных дозах. У больных с генотипом DD эффективность лечения была значительно ниже. Выявленная взаимосвязь между ID полиморфизмом гена АСЕ и антипротеинурическим эффектом ингибиторов АПФ у больных с диабетической нефропатией позволяет в большей степени индивидуализировать подходы к патогенетической терапии данного осложнения

A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a chronic disease with serious health consequences, but weight loss is difficult to maintain through lifestyle intervention alone. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, has been shown to have potential benefit for weight management at a once-daily dose of 3.0 mg, injected subcutaneously. METHODS: We conducted a 56-week, double-blind trial involving 3731 patients who did not have type 2 diabetes and who had a body-mass index (BMI; the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of at least 30 or a BMI of at least 27 if they had treated or untreated dyslipidemia or hypertension. We randomly assigned patients in a 2:1 ratio to receive once-daily subcutaneous injections of liraglutide at a dose of 3.0 mg (2487 patients) or placebo (1244 patients); both groups received counseling on lifestyle modification. The coprimary end points were the change in body weight and the proportions of patients losing at least 5% and more than 10% of their initial body weight. RESULTS: At baseline, the mean (±SD) age of the patients was 45.1±12.0 years, the mean weight was 106.2±21.4 kg, and the mean BMI was 38.3±6.4; a total of 78.5% of the patients were women and 61.2% had prediabetes. At week 56, patients in the liraglutide group had lost a mean of 8.4±7.3 kg of body weight, and those in the placebo group had lost a mean of 2.8±6.5 kg (a difference of -5.6 kg; 95% confidence interval, -6.0 to -5.1; P<0.001, with last-observation-carried-forward imputation). A total of 63.2% of the patients in the liraglutide group as compared with 27.1% in the placebo group lost at least 5% of their body weight (P<0.001), and 33.1% and 10.6%, respectively, lost more than 10% of their body weight (P<0.001). The most frequently reported adverse events with liraglutide were mild or moderate nausea and diarrhea. Serious events occurred in 6.2% of the patients in the liraglutide group and in 5.0% of the patients in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, 3.0 mg of liraglutide, as an adjunct to diet and exercise, was associated with reduced body weight and improved metabolic control. (Funded by Novo Nordisk; SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes NN8022-1839 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01272219.)