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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is widespread all over the world. The greatest number of infected people are in developing countries, whereas in developed countries the rate of infection is the smallest. Among risk factors of infection, the socioeconomic environment is regarded as one of the most important. In developed countries, the incidence of H. pylori infection in children is smaller than 12% and shows a tendency to decrease, while in developing countries it may exceed 40% (1). Multicenter studies conducted in Poland in the years [2002][2003] have demonstrated a high rate of H. pylori seroprevalence in both children and adults. In children aged 6 month to 18 years H. pylori seroprevalence rate was 32% and in adults aged 19 to 89 years 84% and varied depending on the region of the country (2). An influence of poor sanitary and hygiene conditions, economical status and parents education on the infection rate was demonstrated. In the last years a tendency to the decrease of infection rate has been shown, which could be linked to the improvement of social condition (3). H. pylori infection is a principal cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease in children. In adulthood it leads to many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract including in particular JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014, 65, 6, 801-807 www. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the upper gastrointestinal tract diseases in both children and adults. The aim of this paper was to assess the differences between the clinical course of the disease in children and adults. This paper also presents an analysis of clinical symptoms, endoscopic and histopathological findings, H. pylori cagA and vacA genotypes rates and analysis of the sensitivity of these strains to antibiotics in the Polish population, with possible practical and therapeutic implications. The multicenter study on the frequency of H. pylori infections assessed by the presence of antibodies in IgG class against H. pylori in serum was conducted in the years 2002 and 2003. The study group included 6565 children and adults, in 3827 of whom antibodies levels were above 24 U/mL. The authors analyzed clinical and endoscopic symptoms and in some patients with H. pylori seropositivity also histopathological changes, and cagA and vacA genes. Sensitivity of H. pylori strains to antibiotics were also analyzed. Differences between the frequency of infection between children and adults were determined. Endoscopic examination in adults revealed more frequent cases of gastropathy (P=0.003) and erosive gastritis (P=0.001), and in children-thick mucosal folds (P<0.0001). Histopathological examinations carried out in adults have revealed atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. In children, cagA(+)s1m1 was observed more frequently than in adults (34.0% versus 23.1%; P=0.02) contrary to cagA(-)s2m2 which occurred more frequently in adults (27.1% versus 14.0%; P=0.003). No effect of the infection on nausea, regurgitation, vomiting, heartburn, and abdominal pain in children was detected. However, adults infected with H. pylori suffered from more frequent episodes of heartburn and abdominal pain. The H. pylori strain exhibited a high resistance to metronidazole (higher in adults: 41.7% versus 27.4%; P=0.002), and to clarithromycin (higher in children: 20.2% versus 15.4%; P>0.05), and dual resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin (higher in children: 9.9% versus 8.4%; P>0.05). Resistance of the H. pylori to amoxicillin and tetracycline was not detected. The conducted study indicated clinical differences in the H. pylori infection in children and adults. Among the differences in children, especially the more frequent infections by the cagA(+)s1m1/m2 strain could have an influence on further consequences of the infection. The obtained results could be useful in therapeutic decisions

Enhanced M1 Macrophage Polarization in Human Helicobacter pylori-Associated Atrophic Gastritis and in Vaccinated Mice

Background: Infection with Helicobacter pylori triggers a chronic gastric inflammation that can progress to atrophy and gastric adenocarcinoma. Polarization of macrophages is a characteristic of both cancer and infection, and may promote progression or resolution of disease. However, the role of macrophages and their polarization during H. pylori infection has not been well defined. Methodology/Principal Findings: By using a mouse model of infection and gastric biopsies from 29 individuals, we have analyzed macrophage recruitment and polarization during H. pylori infection by flow cytometry and real-time PCR. We found a sequential recruitment of neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages to the gastric mucosa of infected mice. Gene expression analysis of stomach tissue and sorted macrophages revealed that gastric macrophages were polarized to M1 after H. pylori infection, and this process was substantially accelerated by prior vaccination. Human H. pylori infection was characterized by a mixed M1/M2 polarization of macrophages. However, in H. pylori-associated atrophic gastritis, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase was markedly increased compared to uncomplicated gastritis, indicative of an enhanced M1 macrophage polarization in this pre-malignant lesion. Conclusions/Significance: These results show that vaccination of mice against H. pylori amplifies M1 polarization of gastric macrophages, and that a similar enhanced M1 polarization is present in human H. pylori-induced atrophic gastritis

Wstępne badania nad zależnością między temperamentem samic lisów polarnych a wartościami wybranych wskaźników fizjologicznych i poziomem kortyzolu w surowicy krwi

Preliminary study on the relation between polar vixens’ temperament type and the values of selected physiological indicators and cortisol level in the blood serum The aim of this study was to examine whether there is a correlation between temperament type of polar foxes females, determined with the behavioral tests, and the level of selected physiological indicators and the level of cortisol in blood serum. In the result of conducted studies, there were no differences found between the number of breaths or the number of heartbeats in animals of different temperament types. It was found a higher body temperature in vixens with aggressive temperament compared with the vixens of trustful temperament. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The level of cortisol in the blood serum of aggressive and fearful foxes was higher compared with trustful animals. The observed trend was statistically confirmed (p<0.01). In conclusion it can be said that the study of body temperature and the cortisol level in a blood serum of vixens can be a complementary method to evaluate its suitability as a breeding animals. Full verification of observed dependencies requires confirmation from greater material.Wstępne badania nad zależnościąmiędzy temperamentem samic lisów polarnych a wartościami wybranych wskaźników fizjologicznych i poziomem kortyzolu w surowicy krwi. Celem badańbyła próba określenia, czy istnieje zależność między typem temperamentu lisic polarnych, określonym na podstawie testów behawioralnych,a poziomem wybranych wskaźników fizjologicznychi poziomem kortyzolu w surowicy krwi. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań nie zaobserwowano różnic między liczbą oddechów i tętnem u samic o różnym typie temperamentu. Stwierdzono wyższą temperaturę ciała u samic o agresywnym typie temperamentu w porównaniu do samic ufnych (różnica istotna na poziomie p<0,05). Poziom kortyzolu w surowicy krwi u lisówagresywnych i bojaźliwych był znacznie wyższy w porównaniu do zwierzątufnych (różnica istotna na poziomie p<0,01). Podsumowując badania można stwierdzić, że określenie temperatury ciała oraz poziomu kortyzolu w surowicy krwi lisic może być uzupełniającą metodą oceny przydatności samic jako zwierząt hodowlanych. Pełna weryfikacja zaobserwowanych tendencji wymaga ich potwierdzenia na liczniejszym materiale

Wpływ dodatku tłuszczu na strawność paszy u szynszyli

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the inclusion of the vegetal and animal fat to the diet on the apparent digestibility in chinchillas. 18 young chinchillas were assigned to three groups and fed control diet or with the addition of either linseed (VF) or lard (AF). The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) was calculated for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and ether extract (EE). The results showed that there was no significant effects of fat addition on most of the studied constituents except for increased digestibility of EE.Wpływ dodatku tłuszczu na strawność paszy u szynszyli. Celem badań było określenie wpływu dodatku tłuszczu roślinnego i zwierzęcego na współczynnik strawności pozornej u szynszyli. 18 młodych osobników przyporządkowano do trzech grup żywieniowych, które otrzymywały paszę podstawową (grupa kontrolna) bądź wzbogaconą o dodatek oleju lnianego (VF) lub łoju (AF). Poziom strawności pozornej (ADC) oznaczono dla suchej masy (DM), materii organicznej (OM), białka surowego (CP), włókna surowego (CF), związków bezazotowych wyciągowych (NFE) oraz ekstraktu eterowego (EE). Wykazano brak istotnych różnic w wynikach oceny strawności pomiędzy grupami, z wyjątkiem EE

Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Isolated from Humans and Chicken Carcasses in Poland

Campylobacter-assiociated gastroenteritis remains an important cause of morbidity worldwide, and some evidence suggests that poultry is an important source of this foodborne infection in humans. This study was conducted to analyze the prevalance and genetic background of resistance of 149 Campylobacter jejuni and 54 Campylobacter coli strains isolated from broiler chicken carcasses and from stool samples of infected children in Poland from 2003 through 2005. Nearly all isolates were susceptible to macrolides and aminoglycosides. The highest resistance in both human and chicken strains was observed for ciprofloxacin (more than 40%), followed by ampicillin (13 to 21%), and tetracycline (8 to 29%). Resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline rose significantly between 2003 and 2005. Slight differences in resistance between human and chicken isolates indicate that although chicken meat is not the only source of Campylobacter infection in our population, it can be involved in the transmission of drug-resistant Campylobacter strains to humans

Wpływ urodzeniowej masy ciała na wyniki odchowu szynszyli

Young chinchillas weight gain, depending on their body mass at birth. The aim of the study was to determine if the results of raising and growth for up to 4th months of age in chinchilla depends on body weight and the litter size at birth. There were also attempts to answer the question, when sexual dimorphism begins to be visible in young chinchillas. Males are heavier females from the first month of life in chinchilla, however up to the 4th months of age the differences are not statistically significant. During the study it was found, that young chinchillas mortality depends on their body weight at birth. When the body weight at birth is higher, the greater chances of survival of the young are. Number of puppies in the litter affects their body weight: the more young per litter are, the less average body weight is.Wpływ urodzeniowej masy ciała na wyniki odchowu szynszyli. Celem badań było określenie, czy wyniki odchowu szynszyli do 4. miesiąca życia zależą od masy ciała i wielkości miotu przy urodzeniu. Spróbowano odpowiedzieć również na pytanie, w którym momencie rozwoju młodych zwierząt uwidacznia się dymorfizm płciowy. Od początku samce są cięższe od samic, lecz aż do 4. miesiąca życia różnica ta nie jest istotna statystycznie. Podczas badania stwierdzono zależność między urodzeniową masą ciała a śmiertelnością młodych. Większa masa ciała wpływa na większe szanse na przetrwanie. Liczba szczeniąt w miocie wpływa na ich wagę ciała: im więcej młodych, tym przeciętnie mają mniejszą masę ciała