8 research outputs found
Immunoexpression of constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase isoforms in distinguishing and accessory structures of synovial joints in rat foetuses
Joint formation is a developmental process regulated by various factors including
bone morphogenetic proteins, transforming and growth factors, etc. Recently,
a high expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms in the foetal cartilaginous
elements was also revealed. On the other hand, various joint and
skeletal abnormalities were seen in laboratory animal and human offspring,
exposed in utero to several COX inhibitors. Immunoexpression of constitutive
(COX-1) and inducible (COX-2) cyclooxygenase isoforms was evaluated in various
articular structures of untreated and unfamiliar 21-day-old male rat foetuses.
Both COX isoforms were detected in the articular cartilage and joint capsule,
as well as in the intra-articular disc of the temporomandibular joint and
meniscus of the knee joint. COX-1 immunostaining was revealed in the anterior
and posterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint and the labrum of the hip
and shoulder, whereas COX-2 immunoreactivity in those structures was not
found. It could be concluded that both constitutive and inducible COX isoforms
are physiologically expressed in various structures of synovial joints in rat
foetuses at the end of prenatal development
Anatomical eponyms â unloved names in medical terminology
Uniform international terminology is a fundamental issue of medicine. Names of various organs or structures have developed since early human history. The first proper anatomical books were written by Hippocrates, Aristotle and Galen. For this reason the modern terms originated from Latin or Greek. In a modern time the terminology was improved in particular by Vasalius, Fabricius and Harvey. Presently each known structure has internationally approved term that is explained in anatomical or histological terminology. However, some elements received eponyms, terms that incorporate the surname of the people that usually describe them for the first time or studied them (e.g., circle of Willis, follicle of Graff, fossa of Sylvious, foramen of Monro, Adamkiewicz artery). Literature and historical hero also influenced medical vocabulary (e.g. Achilles tendon and Atlas). According to various scientists, all the eponyms bring colour to medicine, embed medical traditions and culture to our history but lack accuracy, lead of confusion, and hamper scientific discussion. The current article presents a wide list of the anatomical eponyms with their proper anatomical term or description according to international anatomical terminology. However, since different eponyms are used in various countries, the list could be expanded
Anatomical variances and dimensions of the superior orbital fissure and foramen ovale in adults
The aim of the study was the retrospective morphological analysis of selected
structures of the middle cranial fossa, i.e. foramen ovale and superior
orbital fissure, in relation to the external head and cranial diameters in
adults from the Lublin region (Poland). The study was performed on data
collected during computed tomography examinations of 60 individuals
(age 20–30 years), without any cranial or brain abnormalities. Based on
the post-processing reconstructions, 3-dimensional views of the skull and
head were obtained. The length and width of both structures, as well as
thickness of the frontal, temporal, and occipital squamae, were measured.
The morphology of the ovale foramina and superior orbital fissures were
checked. The length and width of the skull and head were the only parameters
that significantly differed between males and females. The thickness
of the frontal and temporal squama was insignificantly lower in males
than in females. Almond and oval shapes were the most typical for the
foramen ovale. The superior orbital fissure was found as a wide form —
with or without accessory spine originating from its lower margin or as
a laterally narrowed form. The length and width of the foramen ovale were
insignificantly higher in males than in females. The same results were found
for the area of the right superior orbital fissure. The thickness of the frontal
and occipital squamae influenced the thickness of the temporal squama.
The analysed individuals had asymmetrical, oval, or almond-shape ovale
foramina. Unlike the seldom visible laterally narrowed form of the superior
orbital fissure, a wide form with or without accessory spine was the most
commonly observed. The diameters of both superior orbital fissures and
ovale foramina indicated the asymmetry of the neurocranium. (Folia Morphol
2011; 70, 4: 263–271
Anatomical classification of the shape and topography of the operated stomach
The aim of the study was to present the classification of anatomical variances of the operated stomach, based on the radiological and historical data. Different anatomical variations of the operated organ were revealed in 431 out of 2034 patients examined in years 2006-2010. Four primary groups were established: abnormal position along longitudinal (I) and horizontal axis (II), as well as abnormal shape (III) and stomach connections (IV). An additional group (V) encloses mixed forms that connect features of two or more primary groups. The first group contains the partial and total translocation of the stomach into the thoracic cavity after the partial or total esophagectomy. Depends on the applied surgical techniques used during the total esophagectomy, the stomach could be located in the front or back to the pericardial sac. An elongated and gestrectatical form often with signs of pylorostenosis is visible in patients treated by the vagotomy. The consequences of fundoplication included: lack or narrow cardiac angle, and often mild form of the stomach cascade. The most common abnormal shape of the stomach was secondary to the gastrectomy and gastric bending. The final organ shape depends on the type of applied surgical procedure that maintains physiological connection with the duodenum or un-anatomical one, mostly with the jejunal loop. In banding, the body of the stomach forms hourglass on the level of the artificial adjustable band, typically fitted for the surgical slim purpose
Immunoexpression of constitutive and inducible cyclo-oxygenase isoforms in the rat foetal and maternal digestive tract
Cyclo-oxygenase (COX), which catalyses the conversion of arachidonic acid
to prostaglandin endoperoxide and prostanoids, is widely expressed in mammalian
organs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the immunoexpression
of the constitutive and inducible cyclo-oxygenase isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2
respectively) in the oesophagus, stomach and the small and large bowels of
untreated rat dams and foetuses on gestational day 21. The localisation of
the COX isoforms was similar in the maternal and foetal organs, although
the intensity of the reaction for COX-2 was stronger in the foetuses. Cytoplasmic
COX-1 immunostaining was found in myocytes of the muscularis
propria, muscularis mucosae and the blood vessels. It was also positive in
the endothelial cells, scattered stromal cells of the lamina propria and the
ganglion cells of the nerve plexus in the bowels. Apart from the keratinised
layer, a strong reaction was revealed in the stratified squamous epithelium
of the oesophagus and forestomach. Negative or weakly positive staining
was found in the mucus-secreting cells covering the surface, gastric pits
and pyloric glands, as well as in the parietal cells and the chief cells. Weakly
positive COX-1 immunostaining was observed in epithelial cells of the small
intestine crypts, but in some cases enterocytes and goblet cells covering
villi were also positive. In the colonic mucosa weak COX-1 staining was
typical of the absorptive, and goblet cells. The COX-2 immunostaining was
nuclear and/or cytoplasmic. An inconsistent positive reaction was seen in
the muscle of the muscularis mucosae, muscularis propria and the blood
vessels. Positive staining was also found in scattered stromal cells of the
lamina propria and adventitia and the ganglion cells. Weak nuclear staining
was found in the stratified squamous epithelium of the oesophagus and
forestomach. Unlike the strong foetal reactivity in the epithelial cells of the
glandular stomach, a negative or weakly positive reaction was seen in the
maternal parietal and/or mucous-secreting surface stomach cells. Some epithelial
cells of the crypts both in the small and large bowel were also COX-2
positive. In conclusion, constitutive and inducible COX isoforms were detected in the digestive tract of pregnant female and in foetuses. COX-1
was the predominant isoform in both the adult and foetal organs. (Folia
Morphol 2008; 67: 24-31)
Early postnatal development of the lumbar vertebrae in male Wistar rats: double staining and digital radiological studies
The aim of the study was to evaluate the physiological developmental changes of male ratsâ lumbar vertebrae during the first 22 days after birth. Morphology and mineralisation of lumbar vertebrae were evaluated using double-staining and digital radiography system, which allowed vertebral width and optical density to be determined. Pup weight, crown-rump length, body mass index and vertebral width increased during postnatal period and significantly correlated with their age. Bone mineralisation, as measured by optical density, did not show any significant differences. The complete fusion of the primary ossification centres had a cranio- -caudal direction and started on day 19 after parturition but was incomplete by day 22. It could be concluded that, unlike significant age-related increase of vertebral size, mineralisation was only slightly elevated during evaluated postnatal period. The method described is supplementary to alizarin red S staining as it provides both qualitative and quantitative data on mineralisation in a similar manner to micro computed tomography but does not allow 3 dimensional and microarchitecture examination
Morphology of the foramen magnum in young Eastern-European adults
Background: The foramen magnum is an important anatomical opening in the base of the skull through which the posterior cranial fossa communicates with the vertebral canal. It is also related to a number of pathological conditions including Chiari malformations, various tumours, and occipital dysplasias. The aim of the study was to evaluate the morphology of the foramen magnum in adult individuals in relation to sex. Material and methods: The morphology of the foramen magnum was evaluated using 3D computer tomography images in 313 individuals (142 male, 171 female) aged 20â30 years.Results: The mean values of the foramen length (37.06 ± 3.07 vs. 35.47 ± 2.60 mm), breadth (32.98 ± 2.78 vs. 30.95 ± 2.71 mm) and area (877.40 ± 131.64 vs. 781.57 ± 93.74 mm2) were significantly higher in males than in females. A significant, positive correlation was found between foramen length and breadth. Significant correlations were reported for breadth and area of the foramen magnum and corresponding external cranial diameters in females. Round as well as longitudinal and horizontal oval-like types of the foramen shape were established according to the breadth/length index of the structure. All the cranial and foramen measurements were significantly higher in individuals with round-like type of the foramen magnum. Conclusions: There was a sexual dimorphism of the foramen magnum among the examined individuals. It was related mainly to its linear diameters and area, not to the shape. Unlike males, female skulls had higher correlation between the examined parameters of the foramen and proper external cranial measurements, which indicates more homogeneous growth in girls