The (non-)territorialization of "Kurdistan" in the Middle East between 1919 and 1990: A critical geopolitical approach

Bu tez 1919 ve 1990 yılları arasında neden "Kürdistan" adı verilen belirli bir yapının Ortadoğu'da jeopolitik bir entite olarak ortaya çıkamadığının nedenlerini incelemektedir. Bunu yaparken, eleştirel jeopolitik yaklaşımını bir kuramsal çerçeve olarak kullanarak, bir taraftan Kürdistan'ın bir jeopolitik entite olarak sınırsallığının nasıl sürekli bir biçimde bozulduğuna ve yeniden tasarlandığına odaklanırken, diğer taraftan dört bölge devletinin, yani Türkiye, İran, Irak ve Suriye'nin ortaya koyduğu medeniyetçi ve ideolojik jeopolitik söylemleri analiz etmektedir. Buna göre ilk olarak iç faktörler olarak değerlendirilen Kürt kabileleri arasındaki geleneksel bölünme ve buna daha yakın zamanda eklenen sınırsal bölünmelerin, belirli ve sınırları tanımlanmış ortak bir Kürdistan söyleminin oluşumunu engellediği ileri sürülmüştür. İkinci olarak dış faktörler üzerinde durulmuştur. Bölge devletlerinin geliştirdiği politikalar ve jeopolitik söylemler onların toprak bütünlüğü konusunda hassasiyetini vurgularken ayrılıkçı herhangi bir politikaya izin verilmemesi sonucunu doğurmuştur. Son olarak iç ve dış faktörlerin bir araya gelmesi ile ortaya çıkan üçüncü bir neden de egemen devletler ve Kürt gruplar arasında geliştirilen işbirliği veya çatışma temelli çapraz sınır ötesi bağlardır. Buna göre bazı egemen devletler rakip devletlerin içindeki Kürt grupları kendi içlerindeki Kürt gruplara veya rakip devletin kendisine karşı kullanırken, bazı Kürt siyasi hareketleri de içlerinde bulundukları devletin gücünü zayıflatmak için rakip devletler ile işbirliği içine olmuştur. Bu sınır ötesi bağlantılar da ortak bir Kürdistan söyleminin önüne geçmiştir. Keywords: Kurdistan, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, SyriaThis thesis analyses the reasons of why a certain "Kurdistan" could not be established as a geopolitical entity within the Middle East between the years 1919 and 1990. By using critical geopolitics as the theoretical framework, the thesis focuses on the effects of continuous deterritorialization and reterritorialization of the Kurdistan as a geopolitical entity as well as civilizational and ideological geopolitical discourses developed by four states in the region, being Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. A threefold argument is proposed to explain why an independent or an autonomous Kurdistan could not be formed at the chosen time frame. The internal factors underline the traditional tribal and more recent territorial divisions among the Kurdish tribes preventing the Kurds to establish a common geopolitical discourse describing a particular and territorially-defined "Kurdistan". The external factors emphasize the policies and geopolitical discourses developed by states to preserve their territorial integrity and to prevent any separatist tendency within their own states. Finally, the third set of factors cross-linked internal and external factors. It focuses on the cooperative and conflictual transversal connections between sovereign states and Kurdish political movements. Accordingly, some sovereign states tended to cooperate with the Kurdish groups of rival states in a way to undermine the power of the Kurdish groups within itself and some Kurdish political movements tended to cooperate with the neighboring state to undermine the power of the home state. All in all, the period between 1919 and 1990 witnessed the failure of the projects to establish an autonomous if not an independent Kurdistan. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kürdistan, Türkiye, İran, Irak, Suriy

Transfer of Social Uses, Meanings and Values through Landscape Design; Case of Karagöz Square

In this study, how landscape architecture students associate the traces of the past of a given site with their conceptual approaches and spatial components in the design process is discussed. Karagöz Square, located in the city center of Trabzon, has undergone dramatic and mostly negative changes from the past to the present in functional, visual and semantic terms. the area which is under urban transformation process in order to revitalize, to make it a part of urban life and in this context to regain its old functions has been given to students as the subject of design within the scope of Environmental Design Project IV course. Within the scope of this paper, how students investigated the past of design area and physical and social dimensions of collective memory, how they reflected on their conceptual approaches and main design decisions, and then through which spatial components and usage types these decisions were reflected on projects are determined and explained. In a design group of 9 students, 5 designs, conceptual approaches of which were based on the history of the city and the design area and traces left in collective memory were discussed in detail. As a result of the content analysis of the presentations and reports of the students it was determined that some students were inspired by the past functional (such as socialization) and semantic dimensions of the area (such as entertainment and play) or the physical components of the area (such as olive trees, amusement park-entertainment equipment). The other students were inspired by the historical features of the city of Trabzon (the empires of the past) or the traces of cultural features in the society such as Trabzonspor and determined their design approaches based on these. In line with these, spatial components and usage types-activities in the final products are detailed in this study. How collective memory can be a tool for determining conceptual approaches in landscape design is also discussed

Volume XLVII, Number 27, January 10, 1930

Amaç: Yaygın Gelişimsel Bozukluklar (YGB) ve eşlik eden Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu (DEHB) belirtileri olan olgularda Metilfenidat (MPH) ilk tedavi seçeneği olmakla birlikte, sadece DEHB olan olgulara göre daha fazla yan etkiye yol açabildiği ve klinik yanıtın çok değişken olabileceği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı YGB ve Hafif Düzey Mental Retardasyonu (MR) olan olguların MPH'a yanıtı- nın yalnızca DEHB olan olgularla karşılaştırılması ve CES-1 gen polimorfizmleriyle ilişkisinin bulunup bulunmadığının belirlenmesidir. Yöntem: YGB ve eşlik eden DEHB varlığında tükürük örneği alınarak MPH'ı metabolize eden enzim olan Karboksilesteraz-1 (CES-1) polimorfizmleri (Arg199/His, Ser75/Asn ve Ile49/Val) incelenmiş olup MPH yanıtı Dikkat Eksikliği ve Yıkıcı Davranış Bozuklukları için DSM-IV'e Dayalı Tarama ve Değerlendirme Ölçeği ve Klinik Global İzlem Ölçeği ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: YGB ve eşlik eden DEHB varlığında olguların, DEHB, DEHB ve eşlik eden Hafif Düzey Zeka Geriliği olan olgulara göre daha kötü MPH yanıtı verdikleri ve CES-1'de Arg199/His polimorfizminin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı oranda yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Bu çalışma YGB ve eşlik eden DEHB olan olgularda CES-1 Arg199/His polimorfizminin incelendiği ilk çalışmadır.Objective: Methylphenidate is the first-choice medication for the Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs), and comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). But this approach generally results with poor outcomes, and increased adverse effects. It is aimed to investigate the comparison of cases who diagnosed with PDDs and Mild Mental Retardation (MR) and cases with pure ADHD in terms of the clinical response to MPH. Also we aimed to investigate the relations between CES-1 polymorphism gene and the clinical response to MPH.Methods: For clarifying this we searched for three polymorphisms (Arg199/His, Ser75/Asn, and Ile49/Val) in carboxylesterase-1 gene (CES-1) in the saliva of patients diagnosed with PDD+ADHD. Also, we assessed the clinical response to MPH by dimensional approach using the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale IV and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale. Results: PDD+ADHD groups had significantly higher Arg199/His polymorphism, and clinically responded poorer with symptoms sometimes even worsening to the MPH treatment compared with "pure" ADHD and ADHD+MR groups. Conclusion: This is the first study that an association between Arg199/His polymorphism in CES1 and altered treatment response to MPH in patients with PDD that presents with symptoms of ADHD

The effect of anesthetic agents used in oocyte collection on intracytoplasmic sperm injection results in patients treated for infertility due to male factor

Aim: Different anesthetic methods and agents are used for transvaginal oocyte retrieval procedures (TORP) in assisted reproductive techniques (ART). In our study, we evaluated prospectively the effect of propofol and thiopental sodium during TORP on intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) results in the spouses of patients with male factor indication.Material and Methods: The study was approved by the ethics committee with Protocol No. 2019-21-07 on dated October 28, 2019. Sixty female patients who underwent TORP for intracytoplasmic sperm injection were included in the study. Anesthesia was randomized into two groups according to propofol (GP) or thiopental sodium (GT) used for induction and maintenance anesthesia. Patients' demographic data, effects of the anesthetic drug used on hemodynamics and nausea and vomiting, laboratory parameters including fertilization rate, cleavage rate, optimal embryo rate and implantation rate, and pregnancy outcomes were recorded.Results: Sixty patients, including the propofol group (n:30) and the thiopental sodium group (n:30), were evaluated. Mean age, body mass index and motile sperm count were similar in both groups. Mean arterial pressures and nausea and vomiting rates were lower in GP (p<0.05). Although intracytoplasmic sperm injection, pronucleus, MII oocyte values were statistically significantly higher in GP, B-HCG and clinical pregnancy outcomes were similar in both groups.Discussion: Our findings revealed that propofol and thiopental sodium, the anesthetic agents used in transvaginal oocyte collection procedure before ICSI treatment, had similar effects on clinical pregnancy. The results of our study are similar to many studies in the literature

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Ultrasound-guided Transversalis Fascia Plane Block (TFPB) and Transversus Abdominis Plane Block (TAPB) on Postoperative Pain in Caesarean Section: A Prospective Randomized Study

Objective:Postoperative peripheral trunk blocks are used for multimodal analgesia in caesarean sections. This trial was planned to compare the efficacy of transversalis fascia plane block (TFPB) and transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB) in postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia.Method:In this prospective trial, ASA II-III risk group patients between the ages of 20-50 years who were scheduled for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia were evaluated. Demographic data, duration of operation, presence of intraoperative and postoperative nausea & vomiting, pruritus, duration of first analgesia requirement, visual analogue scale (VAS) values for 24 hours postoperatively, paracetamol, diclofenac sodium, the total amount of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used were recorded.Results:Patients were randomized into two groups: TFPB (75, 50%) and TAPB (75, 50%) groups. There was no significant difference in demographic data, comorbidity, ASA classification and operation times between the two groups (p>0.05). When the duration of the first postoperative analgesia requirement was evaluated, it was higher in the TFPB group (p<0.05). The 24-hour pain scores (VAS 6th hour and VAS 12th hour) were lower in the TFPB group (p<0.05). The amounts of paracetamol, diclofenac and total NSAIDs were higher in the TAPB group (p<0.05).Conclusion:USG-guided bilateral TFPB is more effective than TABP for postoperative analgesia in caesarean sections

HTK-Alcar, a modified organ transplantation solution, decreases ischemic injury in the rat kidney tissue

Objectives: Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution is the storage solution used in organ transplantation. However, such solutions cannot completely eliminate tissue damage. Acetyl L-carnitine (Alcar) is a strong antioxidant. In this study we aimed to determine the protective effects of HTK solution prepared with Alcar in kidney tissue. Methods: Twenty-four rats used in this study were divided into 4 groups. Kidneys of rats in groups 1 and 2 were stored for 4 hours in HTK and HTK+Alcar solutions, respectively. Kidneys of rats in groups 3 and 4 were stored for 24 hours in HTK and HTK+Alcar solutions, respectively. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations of the kidneys were performed. In addition, TUNEL analysis was performed for the evaluation of apoptosis. Results: The findings of histomorphological damage in short-term HTK and HTK+Alcar groups were mild, but it was found widely in long-term HTK and ong-term HTK+Alcar groups on histologic evaluation. When histological scoring was made from kidney sections stained with H&E, the scores in HTK+Alcar groups decreased significantly compared to HTK groups. It was also seen that the score level increased significantly in long-term groups. According to immunohistochemical evaluation, in short- and long-term HTK +Alcar groups, the acetyl-L-carnitine prevented the antiapoptotic mechanisms to be activated and the intense expression of Bcl-2 has not occurred. In short- and long-term HTK groups, osteopontin showed more immunopositive result. Conclusion: It was determined that the modified HTK solution prevented the increase of the activation of the expected oxidant mechanisms resulting in ischemia. This contribution of acetyl-L-carnitine was also found in long-term group findings. © Copyright 2020 by Gazi University Medical Faculty

Four-dimensional hierarchical structure of love constructs in a cross-cultural perspective

This article reports new methodology for cross-cultural exploration of psychometric properties of a four-dimensional hierarchical love scale. We collected data from 2831 participants from nine regional locations from six countries and assessed their responses to the love scale as well as several other love feelings. We applied a new methodological approach using recently advanced statistical methods to the comparison of forty love attitudes underscoring four distinct latent attitudes associated with love to another person in romantic relationships across these samples. The results demonstrate the importance of measurement invariance tests for cross-cultural comparison of scores on love scales. To properly assess measurement invariance, we suggest five statistical procedures, which we investigated in this study: (1) making corrections for acquiescence and extreme response biases; (2) taking into consideration cultural uniqueness in how participants respond to the measures, which may contribute to poor model fit; (3) accounting for such cultural uniqueness to make cross-cultural comparisons more valid; (4) removing items, which substantially contribute to poor model fit; and (5) shortening the subscales when scoring and analyzing the data. The results of the studies propose two shortened versions (33 and 30 items) of the love scale as two cross-culturally valid and invariant alternatives to the original 40-item scale

Instructor and student opinions on the arrangement of Necdet Levent's Elele (Hand with Hand), Yemeni (Headscarf) and Efe pieces and their usability in viola education

Viyola eğitiminde Türk bestecilere ait eserlerin kullanımına yönelik araştırmalar incelendiğinde, eserlerinin zorlu pasajlar ve ileri teknikler içermesi ile notasyonuna ulaşmada yaşanan sorunlar nedeniyle bu eserlerin özellikle müzik eğitimi ana bilim dallarında viyola eğitiminde kullanımının oldukça sınırlı olduğu görülmektedir. Bu nedenle viyola eğitimde öğrencilerin de seslendirebileceği orta düzeyde Türk eserlerine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu ihtiyaçtan yola çıkarak gerçekleştirilen araştırmada Necdet Levent’in flüt için bestelediği Elele, Yemeni ve Efe parçalarının viyola eğitiminde kullanımına yönelik düzenlenmesi ve bu yolla da ulaşılabilir Türk viyola repertuvarına katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada Necdet Levent’in Elele, Yemeni ve Efe parçalarını viyola eğitimine kazandırmak amacıyla viyola teknikleri gözetilerek düzenlenmiş, eğitimde kullanılabilirliğine yönelik öğretim elemanı ve öğrenci görüşleri alınmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden eylem araştırması modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu amaçsal örnekleme yönteminden uygun örnekleme deseni esas alınarak belirlenmiş ve gönüllülük esasına dayalı çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden müzik eğitimi ana bilim dallarında görev yapan 7 viyola öğretim elemanı ve 8 viyola öğrencisi ile oluşturulmuştur. Öğretim elemanı ve öğrenci görüşlerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılandırılmış görüşme formu hazırlanmış, elde edilen veriler içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak çözümlenerek tema ve kodlara ayrılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen verilerden viyola için düzenlenmiş Necdet Levent’in Elele, Yemeni ve Efe parçalarının viyola eğitimine katkı sağlayacak, çağdaş Türk viyola repertuvarını genişletip, zenginleştirecek, öğrencilerin motivasyonlarını arttıracak, tonal ve modal duyumu geliştirecek, bireysel çalgı eğitimi viyola dersi kazanımları ile tutarlı ve kazanımların gerçekleşmesine yardımcı, Türk müziğini tanıtıcı ve seslendirmeye yönelten eserler olduğu tespit edilmiştir.When the studies on the use of pieces by Turkish composers in viola education are examined, it is seen that the use of these pieces in viola education, especially in music education departments, is quite limited due to the difficulties experienced in reaching the notation of their pieces, including difficult passages and advanced techniques. For this reason, there is a need for medium-level Turkish pieces that students can perform with viola education. Based on this need, this research aims to arrange the pieces of Elele (Hand with Hand), Yemeni (Headscarf), and Efe composed for flute by Necdet Levent for use in viola education, and to contribute to the accessible Turkish viola repertoire in this way. In the research, Necdet Levent's Elele (Hand with Hand), Yemeni (Headscarf), and Efe pieces were arranged by considering viola techniques to bring them into viola education. The action research model, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. The study group of the research was determined based on the appropriate sampling pattern from the purposive sampling method and was formed with 7 viola instructors working in music education departments and 8 viola students who agreed to participate in the study voluntarily. A structured interview form was prepared to determine the views of the instructors and students, and the data obtained were analyzed using the content analysis method and divided into themes and codes. From the data obtained as a result of the research, it has been determined that Necdet Levent's Elele (Hand with Hand), Yemeni (Headscarf), and Efe pieces arranged for viola are pieces that introduce Turkish music and lead to vocalization, are consistent with individual instrument training viola lesson outcomes, and help the realization of outcomes. In addition, it has been determined that they will contribute to viola education, expand and enrich the contemporary Turkish viola repertoire, increase students' motivation, and develop a tonal and modal sense

KENT FORMUNUN KIYIYA ERİŞİM ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: KARŞIYAKA VE MAVİŞEHİR ÖRNEĞİ

Kıyı alanları kentlerin en çekici ve en çok kullanım talebi olan alanlarıdır. Kıyılar kentin bütününden ayrı parça değillerdir. Kıyılar, kıyı gerisindeki kullanımlar ve kentsel öğeler ile bütünleşmelidirler. Bu nedenle kıyı alanları tasarlanırken, kıyı alanında yer alacak olan kullanımların çeşitliliği, kullanıcı profilleri, kıyı gerisindeki kullanımların, kentsel form oluşumlarının, sokak ağının, bağlantı noktalarının, çok iyi analizinin yapılması gerekmektedir. Oysa bugün yaşadığımız şehirlerde kıyı alanlarının bütününün tek özelliğe sahip bir sahil şeridi olarak görüldüğü ve kıyıların tek düze, birbirinin tekrarı olan peyzaj tasarımları ile düzenlendiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, aynı işlevde fakat farklı nitelikte 2 örnek alan olan Karşıyaka ve Mavişehir kıyı şeridindeki kent formu ve kıyı mekânındaki çeşitli nedenlerden kaynaklı erişim ve kullanım sorunun incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yeni Şehircilik (New Urbanism) ve Akıllı Büyüme (Smarth Growth) olarak adlandırılan yeni kentsel gelişme stratejileri ışığında, Mavişehir-Karşıyaka kıyı şeridindeki mevcut kentsel ve kıyı dokusunun irdelenmesine yer verilerek öneriler sunulacaktır

Comparative faunistic analysis of mite species on neglected and conventional pome fruit trees in Turkey

International audienceThe paper presents the comparative faunistic analysis of leaf inhabiting mite species on neglected and conventionally grown pome fruit trees in Turkey as well as their diversity and distributions. For this purpose, twelve sampling areas were chosen in the Ordu region of Turkey. The study was carried out on four fruit tree species, apple (Malus domestica), pear (Pyrus communis), quince (Cydonia oblonga), and loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), between 2014 and 2019. In the study, a total of 42 mite species were identified from 12 families belonging to two orders. 92.43% of all species were found on the neglected trees, while 7.57% were reported in the conventional orchards. Among phytophagous mites, Cenopalpus pulcher on the neglected trees and Amphitetranychus viennensis in the conventional orchards showed the greatest overall constancy. The most abundant and common predatory species were Phytoseius finitimus on the neglected trees and Transeius wainsteini in the conventional orchards. A high faunistic similarity was found between the conventionally grown apple fruit trees and neglected apple, pear, quince, loquat trees. Considering together predatory and tetranychoid mites, the highest interspecific association index was revealed for the pair T. wainsteini-C. pulcher. Additionally, the pair Z. mali-T. wainsteini within the predatory mites and A. viennensis-C. pulcher within the tetranychoid mites had the highest index of association