Mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic of female students adults without a pre-existing mental health condition

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Attitudes of Consumers from University of Novi Sad toward Advertising through Sport among the Frequency of Watching Sports Events

This investigation was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes of University of Novi Sad consumers toward advertising through sport among. The sample included 168 students from Faculti of Sporth and Physical Education in Novi Sad, divided into six subsample groups: consumers, who do not watch sports events at all, then consumers who watch sports events 1-30 minutes, next 31-60 minutes, 61-90 minutes, 91-120 minutes, as well as consumers who watch sports events more than 120 minutes during the typical day. The sample of variables contained the system of three general attitudes which were modelled by seven-point Likert scale. The results of the measuring were analyzed by multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and univariate analysis (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test. Based on the statistical analyses it was found that significant differences occur at multivariate level, as well as between all three variables at a significance level of p=.00. Hence, it is interesting to highlight that it was found there are significant differences showed up between the attitudes of consumers toward advertising through sport among the frequency of watching sports events. The significant differences were found in two of three variables, while the consumers who do not watch sports events had much more negative attitudes toward advertising though sport

Attitudes of Consumers from University of Novi Sad toward Advertising through Sport among the Question how Often they Participate in Sports Activities

This research was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes of University of Novi Sad consumers toward advertising through sport among the question how often they participate in sports activities. The sample included 168 students from Faculti of Sporth and Physical Education in Novi Sad, divided into six subsample groups: consumers who do not participate in sport activities at all, then consumers who participate in sport activities less than ones a month, next 1–4 a month, 5–10 a month, 11–20 a month, as well as consumers participate in sport activities more than 20 times a month. The sample of variables contained the system of three general attitudes which were modelled by seven-point Likert scale. The results of the measuring were analyzed by multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and univariate analysis (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test. Based on the statistical analyses it was found that significant differences occur at multivariate level, as well as between all three variables at a significance level of p=.000. Hence, it is interesting to highlight that it was found there are significant differences showed up between the consumers who participate in various sports activities. The significant differences were found in one of three variables, while the consumers who participate less than 4 times a moths had much more negative attitudes toward advertising though sport

Differences in Anthropometric Characteristics among Junior Soccer and Handball Players

The aim of this study was to obtain the relevant knowledge about significant differences in some anthropometric characteristics of junior soccer and handball players. The sample included 40 male subjects divided into two subsamples. The first subsample included 25 subjects, who train in the junior selection in the Football club Vojvodina from Novi Sad, while the other subsample included 15 subjects who train in the junior selection in the Handball club Vrbas, from Vrbas. The variables sample included 20 anthropometric measures that defined longitudinal and transversal dimensionality of skeleton, volume and mass of the body, and subcutaneous adipose tissue. The results is analysed in a statistical procedure marked as a significance testing of two arithmetic means of the independent samples, a t-test at the level of significance of p<0.05. Based on the result, it was concluded that significant differences occur in wrist diameter, ankle joint diameter, upper arm circumference (min), upper arm circumference (max), lower leg circumference (max), upper arm skinfolf, lower arm skinfold, thigh skinfold, calf skinfold, chest skinfold and abdomen skinfold, while the significant difference does not occur in body height, bodyweight, elbow diameter, knee diameter, lower arm circumference (min), lower arm circumference (max), upper leg circumference (min), upper leg circumference (max), and lower leg circumference (min)

Attitudes of Consumers from Autonomous Province of Vojvodina toward Advertising through Sport for the Question: How Often Do Consumers Purchase Sporting Goods

This research was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes of the consumers from the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina toward advertising through sport for the question how often do consumers purchase sporting goods. The sample included 451 students from Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Faculty of sport and tourism in Novi Sad and Chemical, Biotechnology and Medicine Department in Subotica, divided into six subsamples: consumers who do not purchase sporting goods at all, then consumers who purchase sporting goods less than once a month, next 1–3 times a month, 4–6 times a month, 7–9 times a month, as well as consumers who purchase sporting goods more than 10 times a month. The sample of variables contained the system of three general attitudes which were modelled by the seven-point Likert scale. The results of the measuring were analysed by multivariate analysis (MANOVA), univariate analysis (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test. Based on the statistical analyses it was found that significant differences occur at multivariate level, as well as among all three variables at a significance level of (p=.000). Hence, it is interesting to highlight that it was found that significant differences showed up between the consumers who purchase sporting goods. The significant differences were found in two out of three variables, while the consumers who purchase sporting goods less than 3 times a month had much more negative attitudes toward advertising through sport

EXAMINING BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES TOWARD ADVERTISING THROUGH SPORT AMONG MONTENEGRIN CONSUMERS

The first purpose of this study was to compare consumers’ attitudes towards advertising through sport with their attitudes towards advertising in general. The second purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between beliefs about and attitude towards advertising through sport, mostly due to the reason that it was expected that enterprises should profit from the use of sport as an advertising medium and the identification of specified beliefs influencing to positive attitudes would enhance advertising strategies. The data was collected from ran­domly selected 433 stakeholders in Montenegro (male: 217; female: 216) during the spring semester of 2010. The system of variables consist 39 items, modeled by seven-point Likert scale, of attitudes and beliefs about and eight demographic items that were modified from Pyun’s original items to fit each area. The factor analysis were employed to take the best item of each construct, while Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used to compare consumers’ attitudes towards advertising through sport with their attitudes towards advertising in general. Then, Optimal Scaling Method was employed to reveal the relationships between beliefs about and attitude towards advertising through sport. The consumers’ attitudes towards advertising through sport were significantly more positive than their attitudes towards advertising in general, while all beliefs, except materialism significantly influenced consumers’ attitude towards advertising through sport in Montenegro. Hence, the findings of this study develop a clear-sighted knowledge base in order to provide a practical guide to the sport marketers

Differences in the Morphological Characteristics and Body Composition of Football Players FC Trepca ´89 and FC Prishtina in Kosovo

The aim of this research was to determine the differences among the top football players of the two Kosovo clubs FC Trepca ´89 and FC Prishtina in the morphological characteristics and body composition. A sample of 35 examinees was divided into two sub-samples. The first sub-sample of the examinees consisted of 15 players of FC Trepca ´89 of the average age 21.80±3.57, the champions of the Kosovo Championship in the season 2016/17, while the other sub-sample consisted of 20 players of FC Prishtina of the average age of 24.30±4.99, the vice champions of the Kosovo Championship in the season 2016/17. Football players were tested immediately after the end of the competition season 2016/17. Morphological characteristics (7) in the body composition (4) were evaluated by a battery of 11 variables: body height, body weight, waist size, triceps skin set, biceps skin set, back skin set and abdominal skin set, body mass index, fat percentage, muscle mass and bone mass. The standard central and dispersive parameters of all variables were calculated. The significance of the differences between the players of the top two football clubs in the morphological characteristics and variables for assessing body composition was determined by a t-test for independent samples. It was found that the football players of the two mentioned clubs dont have statistically significant differences by the variables that estimate the morphological characteristics and body composition

Attitudes of Sport Organization Officials toward Links between the Sports Sector, Sports Industry, and Knowledge Organizations with Innovations in Montenegrin Sport

It is well-known that modern organizations stand out as leaders in their industries have one common factor that brings them together around the fact they are successful: they are all principally committed to innovation. This fact also applies to sports. Empirical research was conducted to determine a research analysis of attitudes of sport organization officials toward links between the sports sector, sports industry, and knowledge organizations with innovations in Montenegrin sport. Seventy-five subject representatives of sports organizations were ran- domly assigned as a sample, while the questionnaire used is based on the Community Innovation Survey (CIS). Descriptive statistics were employed to test the hypothesis. This study confirmed that there is significant potential for improving innovation in sports in Montenegro. Policymakers and other stakeholders, including sports admin- istrators and other sports leaders, should increase the ability of sports organizations to innovate in sports

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks