Laboratory-Scale Photobioreactor Automation for Microalgae Biofuel Research

Bir fotobiyoreaktörün çalışması manuel olarak oldukça zordur. Fotobiyoreaktörün verimli çalışması, sistemden sık veri toplama yoluylamümkün olan büyüme koşullarının yakın kontrolünü gerektirir. Manuel örnek toplama ve analizleri hem zahmetli hem de nispetenpahalıdır. Fotobiyoreaktörün verimli çalışması için yapılan bu çalışmada; entegre bir gerçek zamanlı biyoreaktör izleme ve kontrolsisteminin geliştirilmesi, besin maddesi eklenmesi, biyokütle hasat zamanı, ışık, CO2 besleme döngüleri ve sıcaklık ile ilgili kararlaralınması, yosun oluşumu sırasında ekonomik kayıpların önlenmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar göz önündebulundurulduğunda yapımı gerçekleştirilen otomatik yetiştirme sistemi ile örnek alma, hasat ve besin ilavesi sırasında mikrobiyalkontaminasyonun minimuma indirildiği gösterilmiştir.It is really challenging to work a photobioreactor manually. Productşve working of the photobioreactor needs close check of growth conditions which is possible through continual data gathering from the system. Manual sampling gathering and analysis are both effortful and slightly expensice. In this work which is done for its efficient operation, the improvement of a combined actual-time bioreactor monitoring and management system, nutriment accession, time of the biomass collection, light, temperature-related decisions, furnishing cycles, preveting economic losses during algae formation were made. Considering the results, it’s been shown that microbial contamination is minimized during sampling, gathering and nutriment accession along the programmed planting system

ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RICE STRAW GASIFICATION

In this study, energy and exergy ana-lyzes were performed in the gasification of rice straw pellets prepared in 5 different blends: PRF (reference sample with no additives), PVA3 (rice straw + 3% PVA), PML5 (rice straw + 5% molasses), PC5 (rice straw + 5% coal dust), and PC15 (rice straw + 15% coal dust). The average mass flow rates was measured in the gasification process. The tar and gas flow rates varied between 5.30g/s and 5.70g/s, 0.063g/s and 0.069g/s and between 0.424mol/s and 0.464mol/s, re-spectively. The heating value (LHV) of the pellets ranged from 12.45MJ/kg to 12.93MJ/kg. The calorific values of the obtained syngas samples were between 3885.5MJ/Nm3 and 4427.7MJ/Nm3. The energy effi-ciency of the pellet samples in gasification ranged from 53.44% to 58.01% and exergy efficiency varied from 49.19% to 53.48%. The lowest irreversibility value in the gasification process was 36.74kW in PC5 pellet, the highest irreversibility value was 44.21kW in PRF pellet. As a result of the thermodynamic anal-ysis of the pellet samples in gasification, it was con-cluded that there is no need to add any additives in the pelletization of the rice straw. © 2022, Latin American Applied Research. All Rights Reserved.113O434We would like to thank TUBITAK for supporting this project that numbered 113O434. The gasifier used in this research was developed within the scope of the TUBITAK project

A Prototype Downdraft Gasifier Design with Mechanical Stirrer for Rice Straw Gasification and Comparative Performance Evaluation for Two Different Airflow Paths

In this research, a prototype downdraft throatless gasifier was designed with a mechanical stirrer. The gasifier was designed for gasification of rice straw pellets. The diameter of the reactor was 350 mm and a nominal value for the heat power of biomass input was 70 kW. Rice straws which were collected from Thrace Region of Turkey gasified for determination of the designed gasifier performance in Namik Kemal University Biosystem Engineering Laboratories. The effects of airflow path and stirring process on the gasification efficiency during the gasification process were investigated. Temperatures and airflow rates observed and adjusted by controlling the air flow rate in the automation system constantly. Pellets were gasified using two different airflow paths with the same equivalence ratio of 0.2 and these were compared. Air inlet from the top showed better results than air inlet from tuyeres. For the air inlet from the top, the higher heating value of producer gas was determined as 5.047 MJ Nm(-3) and cold gas efficiency was calculated as 65.4%. H-2/CO ratio was found as 1.385 which was higher than the air inlet from tuyeres.TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [113O434]We would like to thank TUBITAK for the supporting this project that numbered 113O434. The experimental gasifier laboratory established by this TUBITAK Project

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT IN PAPER AND PAPERBOARD MILL

Water is one of the most important raw materials used in the production of paper and cardboard, For this reason, the production of paper and cardboard is always a process in which high amounts of water should he used. Water contaminates during this operations. For this reason, water used in paper and cardboard production should be treated. This study; It was carried out in a treatment plant located in a factory that produces cardboard in various weights. The treatment plant operates 24 hours with an installed capacity of 4020 m(3)/day. The aim is; to compare and interpret energy consumption by using the data of this facility. The wastewater treatment plant consists of physical and biological treatment units and the active sludge system has the capacity to handle 4000 kg BOD/day, 4020 m(3)/day hydraulic load. In this study, energy consumed during the treatment process; electrical, manual, mechanical and chemical energy as kWh/m(3). The initial data were collected through field monitoring and supported by interviews with facility operators and recorded data (entering-exiting wastewater values. laboratory analyzes, consumables and chemical consumptions) for the research period. The field monitoring was carried out for 6 months in the 2017-2018 period. As a result energy; Electrical, mechanical, manual and chemical energy are calculated separately. Total energy expenditure was found to be 1.9587 kWh/m(3). It has been concluded that electrical energy has a share of 80.6% and chemical energy 18.05%

Energy analysis of wastewater treatment plant in paper and paperboard mill

Water is one of the most important raw materiAâls used in the production of paper and cardboard. For this reason, the production of paper and cardÂboard is always a process in which high amounts of water should be used. Water contaminates during this operations. For this reason, water used in paper and cardboard production should be treated. This study; It was carried out in a treatment plant located in a factory that produces cardboard in various weights. The treatment plant operates 24 hours with an installed capacity of 4020 m3/day. The aim is; to compare and interpret energy consumption by using the data of this facility. The wastewater treatment plant consists of physical and biological treatment units and the active sludge system has the capacity to handle 4000 kg BOD/day, 4020 rnVday hydraulic load. In this study, energy consumed during the treatÂment process; electrical, manual, mechanical and chemical energy as kWh/m3. The initial data were collected through field monitoring and supported by interviews with facility operators and recorded data (entering-exiting wastewater values, laboratory anaÂlyzes, consumables and chemical consumptions) for the research period. The field monitoring was carried out for 6 months in the 2017-2018 period. As a result energy; Electrical, mechanical, manual and chemical energy are calculated separately. Total energy exÂpenditure was found to be 1.9587 kWh/m3. It has been concluded that electrical energy has a share of 80.6% and chemical energy 18.05%. © by PSP

Modeling studies on the relation between wind speed and height: Tekirdag sample

The experiments of this study were conducted in Degirmenalti Campus of Namik Kemal University in Tekirdag, a province in northwestern Turkey between 2005-2008. An anemograph system which can measure wind speed and wind direction at 2 m and 10 m heights was used in this study. The recorded data was transferred to computer environment with a data logger. The relation between wind speed and height was modeled with the gathered data and it was compared with logarithmic wind speed. Also, artificial neural networks (ANN) method was used in wind speed estimation and error comparisons of the results of measurements and ANN estimations was done. The best results of the error analysis were gained from the developed mathematical model. Especially, the error rate of developed mathematical model for the wind speed values over 2 ms-1 remained under 5%. While error rates appeared to be higher in logarithmic wind speed model, they were quite near to the developed mathematical model in ANN method

The effect of the air blast sprayer speed on the chemical distribution in vineyard

A study was conducted to determine the spray deposition patterns for air blast sprayers used to apply chemicals to the canopy of Semillon grapevine in vineyard. The application carried out in 12 bars and three sprayer speed (2.1-4.9-7.7 km h-1). The spray deposition was measured on the point in the different distances (1.5-3-6-9 m). Tartrazine were applied as tracer material. Maximum spray deposit was obtained 66.1 mg cm-2 at sprayer speed of 2.1 km h-1 and minimum deposit was obtained 37.1 mg cm -2 at sprayer speed of 7.7 km h-1. The results showed that the sprayer speeds had significant effect on spray deposit distribution and increasing of the sprayer speed increased drift. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information

Development of an automatic weed control system for sunflower

By using an optical sensor, a n electronic weed control system was developed for selective spraying of weeds in sunflower fields. The prototype control system was mounted on a sprayer. The system becomes active when weeds interrupt a signal passing between the sensor and the reflector. When the new system was compared with a conventional system in laboratory tests, it was found that the amount of liquid sprayed decreased 28% when spraying for grass weeds and 23.7% when spraying for cocklebur (platycarpos). The field test indicated that the new system consumed a minimum of 0.9 L and a maximum of 1.3 L of spray liquid as compared with 11 to 13 L for conventional spraying. © 2008 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers

Determination of Different Tillage and Sowing Methods In Terms of Technically And Economically in Second Crop Maize For Silage

Araştırma Kırklareli ilinde; Atatürk Toprak Su ve Tarımsal Meteoroloji Araştırma İstasyonu Müdürlüğü Merkez İstasyonunda 2009 ekim ayında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, ikinci silajlık mısırda uygulanan farklı toprak işleme sistemleri bitki gelişimine, verime ve işletme ekonomisine etkileri açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmada makinelerin yakıt tüketimi ve iş başarısı, bitki ile ilgili ortalama çıkış süresi, tarla filiz çıkış derecesi, sap kalınlığı, bitki boyu ve verim, toprak ile ilgili nem değerleri belirlenmiş ve yöntemler ekonomik analize tabi tutulmuştur. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda en yüksek silajlık verim geleneksel yöntem olan T4 yönteminde elde edilirken en düşük verim ise T2 yönteminde elde edilmiştir. Yöntemler arasında yakıt tüketimi; en düşük 22.01 lt /ha ile T2 toprak işleme sistemi, en yüksek 56.30 lt/ha ile T4 toprak işleme sisteminde tespit edilmiştir. İş başarısının ortalama en yüksek olduğu toprak işleme sistemi 4.91 ha/h ile T3 olurken, diğer toprak işleme sistemleri sırasıyla; 3.56 ha/h T1, 3.64 ha/h T4, 3.70 ha/h T2 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Brüt karlarına göre yapılan maliyet analizlerinde; 4824.03 TL/ha ile T4toprak işleme sistemi en yüksek brüt karı sağlamış ve onu sırasıyla 4697.92 TL/ha T3, 4436.88 TL/ha T1 ve 4328.47 TL/ha T2 takip etmiştir.The research has been carried out in Central Station of Atatürk Soil and Water Agricultural Meteorology Research station manager in 2009 in october. In the research, the effects of different soil tillage systems applied in second crop maize for silage have been compared in terms of plant growing, yield and enterprise economy. In the study, fuel consumption and labor success of the machines, average outflow time of the plant, land rattoon outflow degree, straw thickness, plant length and yield values and moisture of the soil have been determined and the methods have been analyzed. As a result of the evaluations, while the highest silage yield has been obtained in traditional method as T4, the lowest yield has been obtained in T2:method. Among the methods, the lowest fuel consumption has been determined in T2 soil tillage system with 22.01 lt/ha and the highest fuel consumption has been determined in T4 soil tillage system with 56.30 lt/ha. The soil tillage system in which the average labor success is the highest has been T3 soil tillage system with 4.91 ha/h and the other subjects have been calculated as 3,56 ha/h T1, 3,64 ha/h T4, 3,70 ha/h T2 respectively. In cost analyses which have been done as to gross profits, T4 soil tillage system has obtained the highest gross profit with 4824.03 TL/ha and T3 ,T1 and T2 soil tillage systems have followed it with 4697.92 TL/ha, 4436.88 TL/ha and 4328.47 TL/ha respectivel

Determination of design parameters of dairy cattle foot bath with ozonated water system

Ozon is one of the most widely used antibacterial agent playing a vital role in disinfection pro-cesses. Since the maintenance of a healthy environment which requires cleaning and disinfection is obligated, the livestock production industry has to own an effective disinfection method. Ozone is proved as an effective and environment-friendly reagent compared to alternatives disinfectants for several years. The aim of this paper is to consider the biosecurity of the livestock industry while mainly focusing on foot bathing as a routine control to protect animals against several diseases. This investigation was performed in order to determine the design parameters of the footbath with ozonated water in cattle farms an ozonated water application system was developed. The concentration of ozone in water, foot exposure time, time for preparation of ozonated water, and the effect of ozone on microorganisms were founded as the design parameters. The experimental work presented here delivers one of the first investigations into how ozonated water systems might be beneficial in the foot bathing process. © 2021 Parlar Scientific Publications. All rights reserved