Grocery Consumers Purchase Preferences for Buying from Traditional and Modern Shops

AbstractThe Traditional Grocery market consists mainly of Kirana, Wholesalers, Grahak Panchayat, and KiranaSupermarket. Kirana shops are generally situated close to or within residential areas often in the ground floors of residential buildings. Wholesalers are situated in areas which conventionally are in designated wholesale market areas. Mumbai Grahak Panchayat is the largest voluntary consumer organization in Asia, having distribution centers in Mumbai, Thane, Palghar, and Raigad. KiranaSupermarkets were traditionally Kirana shops now converted into mini supermarkets with self-service and trolleys to move around in isles within the shops. With the opening of Modern Shops Traditional retailers have lost a share of the customers purchasing basket. Food is a basic requirement of all people irrespective of their class or status in society. Groceries are required for daily life. Increasing inflation and the increase in prices of goods makes the purchase of groceries a sensitive area for consumers who require purchasing day in and day out. With an increase in competition amongst retail formats, consumers have wider choices from where they can shop. A Quota Sample of 559 Households of Low, Medium, and High income groups was studied through the Survey method, in Thane City, Maharashtra, India. This paper attempts to study where consumers purchase their groceries from amongst formats such as Kirana, Wholesalers, KiranaSupermarkets, and Modern shops. An analysis of the Input, Throughput, and Output shows three areas of Procurement, Value Addition, and Marketing & Selling that present strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for traditional and modern retailers.Keywords: Grocery Retail India, Kirana, Wholesalers, Kiranasupermarkets, Modern Shop

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Impacts of Agricultural Practices (Pesticides and Fertilizers) and Amalnala Stream on Amalnala Lake in Gadchandur, India

Amalnala lake is situated in the Gadchandur town of Chandrapur district in Maharashtra, India. The lake water was turning green in colour in the month of september. This study gives an insight into the causes and factors responsible for the greening of the lake adjacent to Manikgarh limestone mine in the month of September. It was noted that, phosphate concentration in lake water showed rise after July (2020, 2021) and peaked in August (2020, 2021). The phosphates were mainly contributed by organophosphate pesticides such as monocrotophos, profenofos, and chlorpyrifos, which were identified by liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS). The rise in phosphates showed complete correlation with the rainfall and chlorophyl a (chl a) content in September (2020, 2021). Similarly, the nitrate concentration of the lake showed peak in August (2020, 2021) followed by the rise in chl a content in September (2020, 2021). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the lake was calculated and represented in terms of COD/BOD. The COD/BOD were highest in September (2020, 2021). Positive correlation was observed between the pH, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity of Amalnala Lake and Amalnala Stream which flows into the lake. This stream mainly carries the contaminants from open cast Manikgarh limestone mines to Amalnala Lake. Chl a was mainly contributed by two dominant species of cyanobacteria, Phormidium species CCALA 726 which was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and Microcystis aeruginosa which was identified by using the keys given by Desikachary and Komarek and Anagnostidis. This study thus concluded that the pesticides, nitrates, and Amalnala Stream contributed in the growth of cyanobacteria which causes the greening of the lake

A 6-year case series of resuscitative thoracotomies performed by a helicopter emergency medical service in a mixed urban and rural area with a comparison of blunt versus penetrating trauma

Background Resuscitative thoracotomy (RT) is an intervention that can be performed in the prehospital setting for relieving cardiac tamponade and/or obtaining vascular control of suspected sub-diaphragmatic haemorrhage in patients in traumatic cardiac arrest. The aim of this retrospective case study is to compare the rates of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in RTs performed for both penetrating and blunt trauma over 6 years in a mixed urban and rural environment. Methods The electronic records of a single helicopter emergency medical service were reviewed between 1st June 2015 and 31st May 2021 for RTs. Anonymised data including demographics were extracted for relevant cases. Data were analysed with independent t-tests and Χ2 tests. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Forty-four RTs were preformed within the 6 years (26 for blunt trauma). Eleven ROSCs were achieved (nine blunt, two penetrating) but no patient survived to discharge. In contrast to RTs for penetrating trauma, twelve of the RTs for blunt trauma had a cardiac output present on arrival of the prehospital team (p = 0.01). Two patients had an RT performed in a helicopter (one ROSC) and two on a helipad (both achieving ROSC), likely due to the longer transfer times seen in a more rural setting. Four of the RTs for blunt trauma (15%) were found to have a cardiac tamponade versus seven (39%) of the penetrating trauma RTs. Conclusion Prehospital RT remains a procedure with low rates of survival but may facilitate a ROSC to allow patients to reach hospital and surgery, particularly when distances to hospitals are greater. A higher-than-expected rate of cardiac tamponade was seen in RTs for blunt trauma, although not caused by a right ventricular wound but instead due to underlying vessel damage

Physical and Chemical Properties of Red and Black Soils of Selected Benchmark Spots for Carbon Sequestration Studies in Semi-Arid Tropics of India

Physical (nine characteristics) and chemical (14) properties of red and black soils are described: sand, silt, clay, fine clay, BD, COLE, HC (hydraulic conductivity) and WDC; pH (H2O and KCl), EC, OC, CaCO3, clay CO3, extractable Ca, Mg, Na, K, CEC, clay CEC, BS and ESP are described in three ecosystems, namely sub-humid (moist and dry) [SH (m) and SH (d)], semi-arid (moist and dry) [SA (m) and SA (d)] and arid in SAT, India. Clay contents vary between 30% in arid system to 82% in sub-humid (dry) system and 79% in semi-arid (dry) system. The red soils contain 8–-55% clay. Fine clay ( permanent fallow (grassland), horticultural system > agricultural system > wasteland. Surface soils of agricultural and horticultural systems store higher SIC as compared to other systems. The surface soils of semi-arid (moist) show higher SOC under agricultural system due to inclusion of sun hemp for green manuring in crop rotation. The average SOC values follow the trend of SA (m) (0.825%) > SH (d) (0.804%) > SH (m) (0.642%) > SA (d) (0.633%) > arid (0.594%) for black soils under agricultural system. The values of SOC follow the trend of SH (m) (1.35) > SA (d) (0.84) > SA (m) (0.70) for the red soils used for cultivation. The level of SIC values in surface soils under agricultural system followed the trend of arid (2.34%) > SH (d) (1.06%) > SA (m) (0.99%) > SA (d) (0.94%) > SH (m) (0.54%) for black soils. In red soils, CaCO3 in general is not found except in soils of semi-arid (dry) bioclimatic system. The SOC in surface horizon under agricultural systems shows higher values for cereal-based system (0.79%), followed by soybean systems (0.70%) and cotton-based systems (0.68%). Interestingly, the SIC values have been found to be the highest in cotton-based systems (1.53%), followed by soybean-based systems (0.66%) and cereal-based systems (0.29%). This trend is opposite to that of the corresponding SOC values. With the help of data generated, 14 systems (five in cotton, three in soybean, four in cereals, one in horticulture and one under forest) have been identified as ideal for organic carbon sequestration, keeping in view the existing level of management practices vis-à-vis soil health

Morphological Properties of Red and Black Soils of Selected Benchmark Spots in Semi-Arid Tropics of India: Global Theme on Agroecosystems Report no. 21

Morphological properties of red and black soils are described. Soil depth, color, texture, consistence, structure, roots, coarse fragments, nodules, effervescence, slickensides, cracks and clay cutans are described in sub- humid (moist and dry), semi-arid (moist, dry) and arid ecosystems. Soils under high management are darker in color indicating more soil organic carbon content. Wet consistence such as very sticky and very plastic corresponds with those horizons in black soils showing well developed slickensides. Firm moist consistence may indicate development of sodicity problems provided there are no or very less amount of soil modifiers such as zeolites and gypsum. Higher root density in soils corresponds with lower degree of CaCO3 content as indicated by slighteffervescence with dilute HCl in the field. Black soils contained coarse fragments of 3-8%, 1-10%, 1-10% and 5-15% in sub-humid (moist), semi-arid (moist), semi-arid (dry) and arid bioclimatic system, respectively. In general, the degree of effervescence is in line with size and quantity of coarse fragments and calcium concretions observed in the field. In general black soils under high management show slickensides at lower depths. With decrease in mean annual rainfall, the depth of occurrence of slickensides decreases from 60 cm in sub-humid (moist) to 30 cm in semi-arid (dry) bioclimate. Management interventions including irrigation in drier tracts push the slickensides further down in the profile. The formation of Sodic Haplusterts indicate poor organic carbon accumulation but a very high inorganic carbon sequestration in soils of dry part of the arid bioclimatic system. It manifests natural chemical degradation of soils with mean annual rainfall of <550 mm

Estimation of Carbon Stocks in Red and Black Soils of Selected Benchmark Spots in Semi-Arid Tropics of India :Global Theme on Agroecosystems Report no. 28

Total soil organic carbon (SOC), soil inorganic carbon (SIC) and total carbon (TC) stocks were estimated as0.47, 0.71 and 1.18 Pg for the black soils and 0.33, 0.50 and 0.83 Pg for the red soils, respectively whichcover nearly 15 million ha area in the semi-arid tropics (SAT), India. It is observed that the soils revisitedafter 25–30 years indicate an overall increasing trend in SOC. On the basis of SOC stock (Pg/M ha) thestudy helped to identify 22 systems as viable under the present level of management systems. The studyalso suggests identification of minimum and maximum threshold limit of SOC and bulk density (BD)values in the 22 identified systems. The level of management adopted in the black soils of SAT, India, forthe last 20–25 years helped these soils to reach a new higher quasi-equilibrium value in terms of SOC. Thisindicates that these shrink-swell soils under semi-arid and arid bioclimatic systems respond to controlledmanagement level and are not depleted in SOC

Characterization of Benchmark Spots of Selected Red and Black Soils in Semi-Arid Tropics of India for Identifying Systems for Carbon Sequestration and Increased Productivity in Semi-Arid Tropical Environments: Global Theme on Agroecosystems Report no. 42

Fifty two pedons spread over 28 Benchmark (BM) spots were studied in different systems viz. agricultural, horticultural, forest and wasteland. The agricultural system represents dominant crops namely cereals, soybean and cotton. The horticultural system represents mandarins. The forest systems represent teak (Tectona sp.) and sal (Shorea sp.). The selection of BM spots were limited to a mean annual rainfall (MAR) range from 1448 to 520 mm in semi-arid tropics, India and encompass various bioclimatic systems such as sub-humid (moist) (MAR >1200 mm), sub-humid (dry) (MAR 1200-1000 mm), semi-arid (dry) (1000-850 mm), semi-arid (moist) (850-550 mm) and arid (<550 mm). In order to find out the level of carbon (organic and inorganic) in soils as influenced by different land use systems, the quality and quantity of (soil) substrates require to be similar. Judging by dominantly clayey and smectitic nature of black soils (Vertisols and their intergrades) and the associated red soils, they were selected for the present study. The soils were characterized in terms of morphological, physical and chemical properties with the data sets generated in the field and laboratory. Each profile was also characterized by the climatic data, indicating monthly potential evapotranspiration (PET), rainfall, temperature and length of growing period (LGP) data. The exact landscape situations, cropping patterns and typical soil profiles depicted through photographs further indicate the exact location of each spot studied in this project. The present document attempts to find out various relation of morphological, physical and chemical properties of soils as far as both organic and inorganic carbon sequestration are concerned. The present document also helps in estimating carbon stock in different system under various bioclimatic zones in semi-arid tropics, India as detailed in subsequent working reports

Physical and Chemical Properties of Red and Black Soils of Selected Benchmark Spots for Carbon Sequestration Studies in Semi-Arid Tropics of India : Global Theme on Agroecosystems Report no. 35

Physical (nine characteristics) and chemical (14) properties of red and black soils are described: sand, silt, clay, fine clay, BD, COLE, HC (hydraulic conductivity) and WDC; pH (H2O and KCl), EC, OC, CaCO3, clay CO3, extractable Ca, Mg, Na, K, CEC, clay CEC, BS and ESP are described in three ecosystems, namely sub-humid (moist and dry) [SH (m) and SH (d)], semi-arid (moist and dry) [SA (m) and SA (d)] and arid in SAT, India. Clay contents vary between 30% in arid system to 82% in sub-humid (dry) system and 79% in semi-arid (dry) system. The red soils contain 8–-55% clay. Fine clay (<0.2 μm) content ranges between 9–54% in red soils; for black soils nearly 50% of total clay (<2 μm) remains in finer (<0.2 μm) fractions. The overall relation between SOC and BD is negative; however, the correlation between SIC and BD within a depth of 0–30 cm soil depth is positive. Increase in relative proportion of coarse fragments increases the pore space, effecting decrease in BD values. The inherent relation between total clay and COLE in different bioclimatic systems indicates a positive correlation with a relatively high value (r = 0.83) in arid bioclimatic system. Except sub-humid (moist) and arid bioclimates, a positive correlation between COLE and slickensides is observed in most of the Vertisols in SAT India. A general decreasing trend of SOC with increase in HC is observed. Conversely, an increasing trend of HC has been found with decrease in SIC. In all the bioclimates, there is an increasing trend of SOC with decrease in ESP and an increasing trend of SIC with increase in ESP This is due to preferential release of Ca2+ ions and their precipitation as CaCO3 in soil, thereby increasing the relative concentration of Na+ ions in the exchange complex effecting high value of ESP In general, a positive correlation between amount of fine clay and SOC in surface soils has been found. The SOC values in the surface (0–30 cm) follow the trend of forest system > permanent fallow (grassland), horticultural system > agricultural system > wasteland. Surface soils of agricultural and horticultural systems store higher SIC as compared to other systems. The surface soils of semi-arid (moist) show higher SOC under agricultural system due to inclusion of sun hemp for green manuring in crop rotation. The average SOC values follow the trend of SA (m) (0.825%) > SH (d) (0.804%) > SH (m) (0.642%) > SA (d) (0.633%) > arid (0.594%) for black soils under agricultural system. The values of SOC follow the trend of SH (m) (1.35) > SA (d) (0.84) > SA (m) (0.70) for the red soils used for cultivation. The level of SIC values in surface soils under agricultural system followed the trend of arid (2.34%) > SH (d) (1.06%) > SA (m) (0.99%) > SA (d) (0.94%) > SH (m) (0.54%) for black soils. In red soils, CaCO3 in general is not found except in soils of semi-arid (dry) bioclimatic system. The SOC in surface horizon under agricultural systems shows higher values for cereal-based system (0.79%), followed by soybean systems (0.70%) and cotton-based systems (0.68%). Interestingly, the SIC values have been found to be the highest in cotton-based systems (1.53%), followed by soybean-based systems (0.66%) and cereal-based systems (0.29%). This trend is opposite to that of the corresponding SOC values. With the help of data generated, 14 systems (five in cotton, three in soybean, four in cereals, one in horticulture and one under forest) have been identified as ideal for organic carbon sequestration, keeping in view the existing level of management practices vis-à-vis soil health