A Review on Sulfonated Polymer Composite/Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Membranes to Address Methanol Barrier Issue for Methanol Fuel Cells

This paper focuses on a literature analysis and review of sulfonated polymer (s-Poly) composites, sulfonated organic, inorganic, and organic−inorganic hybrid membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEM) systems, particularly for methanol fuel cell applications. In this review, we focused mainly on the detailed analysis of the distinct segment of s-Poly composites/organic−inorganic hybrid membranes, the relationship between composite/organic− inorganic materials, structure, and performance. The ion exchange membrane, their size distribution and interfacial adhesion between the s-Poly composites, nanofillers, and functionalized nanofillers are also discussed. The paper emphasizes the enhancement of the s-Poly composites/organic−inorganic hybrid membrane properties such as low electronic conductivity, high proton conductivity, high mechanical properties, thermal stability, and water uptake are evaluated and compared with commercially available Nafion® membrane

Fabrication of tetraglycidyl epoxy nano-composites functionalized with amine-terminated zinc oxide with improved mechanical and thermal properties

The aim of the present work focuses on a newly developed ether-linked N, N-tetraglycidyl diamino-diphenyl ether (TGDDE) epoxy resin incorporated with the amine functionalized zinc oxide for the enhancement of the mechanical and thermal properties. TGDDE was synthesized using the starting material of 4,4-diamino-diphenyl ether (DDE) with epichlorohydrin (EPC). The synthesized TGDDE epoxy resin was characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral analyses. The amine-functionalized zinc oxide (F–ZnO) was synthesized via the condensation method using 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) and its preliminary structure was confirmed by FT-IR. The various weight percentages of F–ZnO (0.5, 1, and 2 wt%) were reinforced with TGDDE epoxy resin and cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The mechanical and thermal behavior of the TGDDE epoxy matrix and nano-composites were analyzed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Consequently, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used for the prediction of the structural and surface morphology of the synthesized epoxy nanocomposites. The mechanical and thermal properties of the synthesized epoxy nanocomposites were enhanced to a greater extent by the inclusion of F–ZnO. The highest values were achieved in the mechanical properties, thermal stability and DMA analysis at 1 wt% addition of F–ZnO nanoparticles. The result of the study clearly shows that 1 wt% of F-ZnO with TGDDE epoxy resin can be used in various high-performance applications