MS-158: Gary T. Hawbaker Collection

This collection consists primarily of papers collected by Gary T. Hawbaker from his time as a prospective student up to his graduation from Gettysburg College in 1966. One particular area of strength in this collection is course materials. It includes papers, notes, and blue book exams for almost all of Hawbaker’s courses each semester and provides a snapshot of the history, education, and general curriculum of the early to mid-1960s. It is worth noting that while Hawbaker was a student, Gettysburg College’s fall semester extended into January and the spring semester extended into May. The rest of the collection contains materials pertaining to outside the classroom, some Hawbaker received from the College as a student, others as an alumnus. These materials range from letters, yearbooks, textbooks, photographs of events, programs from events, a bowling ball and bowling ball case, and jackets that carry the Gettysburg College emblem Together, this collection provides a complete look at what Hawbaker’s undergraduate career looked like. Special Collections and College Archives Finding Aids are discovery tools used to describe and provide access to our holdings. Finding aids include historical and biographical information about each collection in addition to inventories of their content. More information about our collections can be found on our website http://www.gettysburg.edu/special_collections/collections/.https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/findingaidsall/1135/thumbnail.jp

MS-156: Integration Crisis in Little Rock, Arkansas Collection

This collection consists primarily of anti-integration propaganda circulated by the Little Rock, Arkansas Capital Citizens’ Council (CCC) to Little Rock families, like the Carlands from 1957 to 1962. The contents include newsletters, booklets, business cards, and the police record of Daisy Bates, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People’s (NAACP) Arkansas state president. The propaganda from the CCC provides deep insight into the strained race relations in Arkansas, but also throughout the South as the CCC included newspaper articles from states other than Arkansas. There are also newspaper clippings and photographs that Carland acquired over the years pertaining to interracial relations in the South. These items pay particular attention to the federal mandate to desegregate public schools and the subsequent decision to close public schools in Little Rock from 1958 to 1959. Special Collections and College Archives Finding Aids are discovery tools used to describe and provide access to our holdings. Finding aids include historical and biographical information about each collection in addition to inventories of their content. More information about our collections can be found on our website http://www.gettysburg.edu/special_collections/collections/.https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/findingaidsall/1133/thumbnail.jp

Investment in Water and Wastewater Infrastructure: An Environmental Justice Challenge, a Governance Solution

This article evaluates the impact of the growing presence of privatized water and wastewater infrastructure projects in some of the world’s most populous countries: China, India, the United States, Brazil, and Nigeria. Together, these nations account for nearly 50 percent of the world’s population. The article discusses environmental justice issues associated with contaminated drinking water and insufficient sanitation and explores the role that public versus private ownership of water infrastructure plays in ensuring access to clean water for the lower-income echelons of society. It articulates the importance of the rule of law and sound environmental governance in this arena and emphasizes the role of the legal community in addressing these challenges. Although water and wastewater infrastructure privatization is a legitimate response to the costs and challenges of water treatment and distribution, environmental decision makers have an ethical and moral duty to ensure that all people have access to reliable and affordable drinking water and sanitation. As such, these authors propose solutions for bringing justice factors meaningfully into the planning, construction, and operation of water and wastewater infrastructure projects

Siting Green Infrastructure: Legal and Policy Solutions to Alleviate Urban Poverty and Promote Healthy Communities

Green infrastructure is an economically and environmentally viable approach for water management and natural resource protection in urban areas. This Article argues that green infrastructure has additional and exceptional benefits for the urban poor which are not frequently highlighted or discussed. When green infrastructure is concentrated in distressed neighborhoods—where it frequently is not—it can improve urban water quality, reduce urban air pollution, improve public health, enhance urban aesthetics and safety, generate green collar jobs, and facilitate urban food security. To make these quality of life and health benefits available to the urban poor, it is essential that urban leaders remove both legal and policy barriers to implementing green infrastructure projects. This Article argues that overcoming these obstacles requires quantified methods and regulatory reform. Increased public financing and other incentives are also necessary. Furthermore, legal structures that facilitate green solutions must be put in place. Lastly, awareness of green infrastructure solutions among policy makers and the wider public must be enhanced so that our nation\u27s more distressed urban populations may realize the benefits that such solutions yield

Engines of Environmental Innovation: Reflections on the Role of States in the U.S. Regulatory System

This article focuses on the role that states play in environmental regulation. Specifically, this article offers examples of the central part in the evolution of United States environmental regulation states played in the past, continue to play today, and will play in the future. First, this article explores the history of state environmental regulation, demonstrating that despite a lack of resources, states were actively engaged in environmental regulation before the advent of the modern era of federal environmental regulation in the 1970s. This article relates not only the regulatory efforts of states, but also the practical benefits of state regulation. Further, this article discusses the ways in which state environmental regulations were used to form the first federal environmental laws, demonstrating that states have been environmental innovators from the outset. Second, this article describes the current environmental regulatory scheme, often referred to as cooperative federalism, which demonstrates the states\u27 major role in carrying out the nation\u27s system of environmental statutes and regulation. Third, this article provides several examples of states\u27 continuing role as environmental innovators, highlighting several state efforts to establish programs and regulatory approaches that exceed the minimum level of environmental regulation established by the federal government. While acknowledging that some states adopt the federal minimum environmental standards as maximum regulatory approaches in their borders, this article nonetheless asserts that states\u27 actions as innovators is powerful and necessary, as evidenced by their ability to influence the market using their own environmental regulations, their ability to partner with other organizations to create new federal standards, and their ongoing efforts to work with the federal government to improve on the collaborative federalism model. This article concludes that this nation must move to an era of true environmental partnership between states and the federal government to achieve meaningful environmental progress--and to deliver the clean and healthy environment all Americans have come to expect and demand. To do this, we must continue to fuel states with political, fiscal, and public support, so that they may continue their important role as engines of environmental innovation