Not Available

Not AvailableThe objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in 5 healthy male dromedary camels following a single intramuscular (IM) administration at the dose rate of 1 mg/kg body weight in the caudal cervical epiaxial muscles. Blood samples were collected prior to drug administration and up to 48 h after drug administration. No clinical symptoms or signs suggestive of adverse drug reaction could be recorded in any animal. Plasma cefquinome concentration was estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The disposition kinetics of cefquinome best fitted to a 2 compartment open model. The peak plasma cefquinome concentration (Cmax cal) of 1.013 ± 0.038 μg/ml−1 was achieved at 5.257 ± 0.067 h (tmax cal). The absorption half-life (t½ka), elimination half-life (t½β), area under plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC) and apparent volume of distribution (Vdarea) of cefquinome were 3.401 ± 0.042 h, 3.754 ± 0.072 h, 14.417 ± 0.621 μg/ml−1 h and 0.379 ± 0.016 l/kg−1, respectively. The results of the present study suggested that an intramuscular dosage regimen of 1 mg/kg body weight at 24 h interval would maintain the plasma drug levels required to be effective against the common bacterial pathogens in dromedary camel.Not Availabl

Carbonaceous aerosols and pollutants over Delhi urban environment: Temporal evolution, source apportionment and radiative forcing

Particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected over Delhi, India during January to December 2012 and analysed for carbonaceous aerosols and inorganic ions (SO42 − and NO3−) in order to examine variations in atmospheric chemistry, combustion sources and influence of long-range transport. The PM2.5 samples are measured (offline) via medium volume air samplers and analysed gravimetrically for carbonaceous (organic carbon, OC; elemental carbon, EC) aerosols and inorganic ions (SO42 − and NO3−). Furthermore, continuous (online) measurements of PM2.5 (via Beta-attenuation analyser), black carbon (BC) mass concentration (via Magee scientific Aethalometer) and carbon monoxide (via CO-analyser) are carried out. PM2.5 (online) range from 18.2 to 500.6 μg m− 3 (annual mean of 124.6 ± 87.9 μg m− 3) exhibiting higher night-time (129.4 μg m− 3) than daytime (103.8 μg m− 3) concentrations. The online concentrations are 38% and 28% lower than the offline during night and day, respectively. In general, larger night-time concentrations are found for the BC, OC, NO3−and SO42 −, which are seasonally dependent with larger differences during late post-monsoon and winter. The high correlation (R2 = 0.74) between OC and EC along with the OC/EC of 7.09 (day time) and 4.55 (night-time), suggest significant influence of biomass-burning emissions (burning of wood and agricultural waste) as well as secondary organic aerosol formation during daytime. Concentrated weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis reveals that the potential sources for the carbonaceous aerosols and pollutants are local emissions within the urban environment and transported smoke from agricultural burning in northwest India during post-monsoon. BC radiative forcing estimates result in very high atmospheric heating rates (~ 1.8–2.0 K day− 1) due to agricultural burning effects during the 2012 post-monsoon season

Tethered balloon-born and ground-based measurements of black carbon and particulate profiles within the lower troposphere during the foggy period in Delhi, India

The ground and vertical profiles of particulate matter (PM) were mapped as part of a pilot study using a Tethered balloon within the lower troposphere (1000 m) during the foggy episodes in the winter season of 2015–16 in New Delhi, India. Measurements of black carbon (BC) aerosol and PM < 2.5 and 10 μm (PM2.5 & PM10 respectively) concentrations and their associated particulate optical properties along with meteorological parameters were made. The mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, BC370 nm, and BC880 nm were observed to be 146.8 ± 42.1, 245.4 ± 65.4, 30.3 ± 12.2, and 24.1 ± 10.3 μg m− 3, respectively. The mean value of PM2.5 was ~ 12 times higher than the annual US-EPA air quality standard. The fraction of BC in PM2.5 that contributed to absorption in the shorter visible wavelengths (BC370 nm) was ~ 21%. Compared to clear days, the ground level mass concentrations of PM2.5 and BC370 nm particles were substantially increased (59% and 24%, respectively) during the foggy episode. The aerosol light extinction coefficient (σext) value was much higher (mean: 610 Mm− 1) during the lower visibility (foggy) condition. Higher concentrations of PM2.5 (89 μg m− 3) and longer visible wavelength absorbing BC880 nm (25.7 μg m− 3) particles were observed up to 200 m. The BC880 nm and PM2.5 aerosol concentrations near boundary layer (1 km) were significantly higher (~ 1.9 and 12 μg m− 3), respectively. The BC (i.e BCtot) aerosol direct radiative forcing (DRF) values were estimated at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), surface (SFC), and atmosphere (ATM) and its resultant forcing were - 75.5 Wm− 2 at SFC indicating the cooling effect at the surface. A positive value (20.9 Wm− 2) of BC aerosol DRF at TOA indicated the warming effect at the top of the atmosphere over the study region. The net DRF value due to BC aerosol was positive (96.4 Wm− 2) indicating a net warming effect in the atmosphere. The contribution of fossil and biomass fuels to the observed BC aerosol DRF values was ~ 78% and ~ 22%, respectively. The higher mean atmospheric heating rate (2.71 K day− 1) by BC aerosol in the winter season would probably strengthen the temperature inversion leading to poor dispersion and affecting the formation of clouds. Serious detrimental impacts on regional climate due to the high concentrations of BC and PM (especially PM2.5) aerosol are likely based on this study and suggest the need for immediate, stringent measures to improve the regional air quality in the northern India