73 research outputs found

    “Care drain”. Explaining bias in theorizing women’s migration

    Get PDF
    Migrant women are often stereotyped. Some scholars associate the feminization of migration with domestic work and criticize the “care drain” as a new form of imperialism that the First World imposes on the Third World. However, migrant women employed as domestic workers in Northern America and Europe represent only 2% of migrant women worldwide and cannot be seen as characterizing the “feminization of migration”. Why are migrant domestic workers overestimated? This paper explores two possible sources of bias. The first is sampling: conclusions about “care drain” are often generalized from small samples of domestic workers. The second stems from the affect heuristic: imagining children left behind by migrant mothers provokes strong feelings of injustice which trump other considerations. The paper argues that neither source of bias is unavoidable and finds evidence of gender stereotypes in the “care drain” construa

    Care drain : le piĂšge sexiste du nationalisme

    Get PDF
    International audienceCet article critique la notion de "care drain" par laquelle on suppose que la migration des femmes produit une perte de soins (care drain) aux enfants laissés aux pays d'origine. On montre d'abord comment le nationalisme méthodologique - le présupposé selon lequel la traversée des frontiÚres constitue un type de mobilité particulier - conduit au sexisme, aux stéréotypes qui associent les femmes à la maternité

    Care drain : le piĂšge sexiste du nationalisme

    Get PDF
    International audienceCet article critique la notion de "care drain" par laquelle on suppose que la migration des femmes produit une perte de soins (care drain) aux enfants laissés aux pays d'origine. On montre d'abord comment le nationalisme méthodologique - le présupposé selon lequel la traversée des frontiÚres constitue un type de mobilité particulier - conduit au sexisme, aux stéréotypes qui associent les femmes à la maternité

    Existe-t-il une fĂ©minisation de la migration internationale ?â€Ș FĂ©minisation de la migration qualifiĂ©e et invisibilitĂ© des diplĂŽmes

    Get PDF
    La « fĂ©minisation de la migration internationale » constitue la nouvelle formule magique de nombreuses Ă©tudes migratoires. Or, depuis un demi-siĂšcle, la part des femmes dans la migration internationale n’a pas vraiment augmentĂ©. En revanche, les femmes reprĂ©sentent aujourd’hui plus de la moitiĂ© des migrants diplĂŽmĂ©s de l’enseignement supĂ©rieur dans les pays de l’OCDE. Pourtant, cette fĂ©minisation de la migration qualifiĂ©e est moins souvent discutĂ©e. Comme si les diplĂŽmes des femmes migrantes devaient rester aussi invisibles dans la recherche que sur le marchĂ© du travail

    Féminisation de la migration qualifiée: les raisons d'une invisibilité

    Get PDF
    En 2010, les femmes constituaient la majoritĂ© des migrants qualifiĂ©s prĂ©sents dans 20 pays membres de l’OCDE. Comment expliquer l’absence d’intĂ©rĂȘt pour le phĂ©nomĂšne de « fĂ©minisation de la migration qualifiĂ©e » que ces statistiques permettent d’observer ? À l’inverse, comment comprendre l’engouement pour l’expression « fĂ©minisation de la migration » (tout court) alors que les donnĂ©es ne la confirment pas ? Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces questions, cet article analyse les usages de l’expression « fĂ©minisation de la migration » et identifie son origine dans la thĂ©orie de la division internationale du travail. CentrĂ©e sur une critique de la mobilitĂ© du capital, cette thĂ©orie prĂ©dit une fĂ©minisation de la migration et l’associe aux emplois peu qualifiĂ©s. Cependant, les recherches qui s’en inspirent risquent de perdre de vue le diplĂŽme de l’enseignement supĂ©rieur qui reprĂ©sente le vĂ©ritable passeport pour les femmes originaires des pays en dĂ©veloppement

    Un monde sans passeports serait-il utopique?

    Get PDF
    « Utopique » se dit d’un projet irrĂ©alisable, qui ne saurait exister. Or, un monde oĂč les passeports n’étaient pas obligatoires pour traverser une frontiĂšre a bel et bien existĂ© : c’est celui d’avant la PremiĂšre Guerre Mondiale. Cet article rĂ©sume l'histoire des efforts pour abolir le rĂ©gime des passeports obligatoires aprĂšs la PremiĂšre Guerre Mondiale

    Skilled Migration: Who Should Pay for What? A Critique of the Bhagwati Tax

    Get PDF
    International audienceBrain drain critiques and human rights advocates have conflicting views on emigration. From a brain drain perspective, the emigration harms a country when emigrants are skilled and the source country is poor. From the human rights perspective, the right “to leave any country, including one’s own” is a fundamental right, protected for all, whatever their skills. Is the concern with poverty and social justice at odds with the right to emigrate? At the beginning of the 1970s, the economist Jagdish Bhagwati replied in the negative. He imagined a tax on the income earned by the skilled migrants in the destination country, to the benefit of the source country. He thus sought to reconcile the right to emigration and the brain drain effects.This article argues that there is no need to tax skilled migrants in order to reconcile the right to emigration and social justice. Social justice is not incompatible with the right to emigration but rather with restrictions on mobility. If it is both the case that equal opportunities are a minimal requisite for social justice, and that access to opportunities implies freedom of movement, as I shall argue, then the brain drain criticism doesn’t satisfy the minimal requirements of social justice.The article is divided into three parts. Each part rejects one of the possible justifications of the Bhagwati tax, that is, as a way, for skilled migrants, (i.) to compensate the welfare loss occasioned to their country of origin; (ii.) to discharge for their obligation to the national community when it publicly financed their education; and (iii.) to compensate for the resulting inequality of opportunities between themselves and their non-migrant compatriots

    La production de l’immigration irrĂ©guliĂšre en France : une question d’insĂ©curitĂ© humaine

    Get PDF
    International audienceEn 2015, les Etats membres de l'ONU se sont engagĂ©s Ă  faciliter la migration sĂ©curisĂ©e et rĂ©guliĂšre. Pour mesurer les progrĂšs accomplis, les Nations Unies Ă©valuent chaque annĂ©e le nombre de pays ayant mis en oeuvre des politiques migratoires bien gĂ©rĂ©es. Cet article prend l'exemple de la France pour critiquer cet indicateur. En rendant l'accĂšs au sĂ©jour rĂ©gulier de plus en plus complexe, les politiques migratoires peuvent avoir l'effet opposĂ©, Ă  savoir produire une immigration irrĂ©guliĂšre et insĂ©curisĂ©e. En effet, dans une enquĂȘte que nous avons menĂ©e en 2016 auprĂšs de 400 personnes en quĂȘte de sĂ©jour rĂ©gulier en France, une large majoritĂ© des rĂ©pondants (87%) juge que le sĂ©jour irrĂ©gulier produit un sentiment d'insĂ©curitĂ©. Prenant appui sur le concept de « sĂ©curitĂ© humaine » dĂ©fini par le PNUD comme libĂ©ration « de la peur et du besoin », l'article montre que les politiques migratoires constituent une source potentielle d'insĂ©curitĂ© humaine. Faciliter la migration fait dĂ©sormais partie de la politique de dĂ©veloppement des Nations Unies

    From birthright citizenship to open borders? Some doubts

    Get PDF
    This paper argues that by overestimating the importance of citizenship rights, the ethics of immigration turns away from the more serious problem of closed borders. Precisely, this contribution is a threefold critique of Carens’ idea that "justice requires that democratic states grant citizenship at birth to the descendants of settled immigrants" (Carens, 2013: 20). Firstly, I argue that by making 'justice' dependent on states and their attributes (birthright citizenship), this idea strengthens methodological nationalism which views humanity as naturally divided into bounded nation-states. Secondly, I analyze its justification and argue that grounding (citizenship) rights on the existence of social connections is logically and morally problematic. Thirdly, I analyze its scope (granting rights to the descendants of the ‘settled’) and its method of implementation (granting citizenship rights automatically ‘at birth’). While from a less sedentarist perspective, no one can be considered ‘settled’ in advance, I will express some doubts that granting citizenship rights is always automatically a way to extend people’s rights. All in all, I argue that by its justification, scope and method of implementation, this idea moves us away from, rather than gets us closer to, an open-borders worl

    How neo-Marxism creates bias in gender and migration research: evidence from the Philippines

    Get PDF
    he paper analyses migration flows from the Philippines in two gendered occupations: domestic helpers and computer programmers. The international division of labour theory claims that foreign investment determines migration from developing countries, especially of women, towards low-skilled gendered occupations in developed countries. This paper shows that the division of labour is neither gendered nor international in the predicted sense. For instance, data from Philippines Overseas Employment Agency shows that the theory is Eurocentric as Northern America and Europe are destinations for only 3 per cent of domestic workers’ flows. The paper argues that neo-Marxism creates bias in gender and migration research and hinders understanding of important gendered effects concerning migrants. Two examples of such gendered effects are highlighted here: the higher vulnerability to legislative change of migrant men employed as domestic workers in Italy and the higher penetration of women into computer programming in the migrant flows to the U.S
    • 

    corecore