Longitudinal Assessment of Empathy and Burnout Across a Single Pharmacy Class Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: This is a final analysis of longitudinal evaluation of burnout and empathy among a cohort of Doctor of Pharmacy students throughout their four-year enrollment. METHODS: The Class of 2021 received sequential Qualtrics RESULTS: Matched survey responses were included for 91 students (85.8% response rate). Across all years, a decrease in empathy and professional efficacy and an increase in exhaustion and cynicism was seen. High categorical levels of exhaustion and cynicism indicated evidence of burnout throughout the program. Year-to-year analysis indicated statistically significant increases in exhaustion and cynicism between PY1 CONCLUSION: Students reported trends of decreasing empathy and professional efficacy, with a simultaneous increase in exhaustion and cynicism. Further evaluation of the impact of COVID-19 on these results, as well as additional methods to support overall student wellness, is needed

Risk Factors Associated With Neurosurgical Intervention in Patients With Mild Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage.

INTRODUCTION: Community centers commonly transfer patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) to level 1 and 2 trauma centers for neurosurgical evaluation regardless of the degree of injury. Determining risk factors leading to neurosurgical intervention (NSI) may reduce morbidity and mortality of traumatic ICH and the transfer of patients with lower risk of NSI. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients admitted or transferred to a level 1 trauma center from October 2015 to September 2019 with Glassgow Coma Scale score 13-15 and traumatic ICH on initial head computerized tomography (CTH) scan. Bivariate analyses and multivariable regression were used to identify factors associated with progression to NSI. RESULTS: Of 1542 included patients, 8.2% required NSI. A greater proportion were male (69.1% versus 52.3%, P = 0.0003), on warfarin (37.7% versus 21.6%, P = 0.0023), presented with subdural hemorrhage (98.4% versus 63.3%, P \u3c 0.0001, larger subdural hemorrhage size (median 19 mm [interquartile range {IQR}: 14-25] versus 5 mm [IQR: 3-8], P \u3c 0.0001), and had a worsening repeat CTH (24.4% versus 13%, P \u3c 0.0001). On physical examination, more patients had confusion (40.5% versus 31.4%, P = 0.0495) and hemiparesis (16.2% versus 2.6%, P \u3c 0.0001). CTH findings of midline shift (80.2% versus 10.8%, P \u3c 0.0001) and shift size (median 8.0 mm [IQR: 5.0-12.0] versus 4 mm [IQR: 3-5], P \u3c 0.0001) were significantly associated with NSI. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical factors and patient characteristics can be used to infer a greater risk of requiring NSI. These factors could reduce unnecessary transfers and hasten the transfer of patients more likely to progress to NSI