"Becoming a somebody": fraternal lodges and the Coloured middle class in Johannesburg 1918 -1938

Paper presented at the Wits History Workshop: Structure and Experience in the Making of Apartheid, 6-10 February, 1990

Spatial variation in the MRE throughout the Scottish Post-Roman to late Medieval period: North Sea values (500-1350 BP)

The marine radiocarbon reservoir effect (MRE) occurs as a spatially and temporally dependent variable owing to localized changes in oceanic water composition. This study investigates ΔR values (deviations from the global average MRE whose ΔR = 0) during the period 500–1350 BP for the east coast of Scotland, where a complex estuarine system exists that drains into the semi-enclosed North Sea basin. Due to the availability of suitable archaeological samples, the data set has a distinct Medieval focus that spans the area from Aberdeen in the north to East Lothian in the south. Many of the ΔR values are not significantly different from 0 (the global average), but there are occasional excursions to negative values (max –172 ± 20) indicating the presence of younger water. These values show greater variability compared to other published data for this general region, suggesting that considerable care must be taken when dating marine derived samples from archaeological sites on the east coast of Scotland

The North Atlantic marine reservoir effect in the early Holocene: implications for defining and understanding MRE values

The marine reservoir effect (MRE) is a <sup>14</sup>C age offset between the oceanic and atmospheric carbon reservoirs. The MRE is neither spatially nor temporally constant and values may deviate significantly from the global model average provided by the Marine04 curve. Such a deviation is calculated as a ©R value and modern (pre-bomb) values show considerable spatial variations. There is also considerable evidence for temporal variability linked to paleoenvironmental changes identified in paleoclimatic proxy records. Seven new ©R values are presented for the North Atlantic, relating to the period c. 8430 3890 cal. BP (c. 6480 1940 BC). These were obtained from <sup>14</sup>C analysis of multiple samples of terrestrial and marine material derived from seven individual archaeological deposits from Mainland Scotland, the Outer Hebrides and the Orkney Isles. The ©R values vary between 143 ± 20 14C yr and ‑100 ± 15 <sup>14</sup>C yr with the positive values all occurring in the earlier period (8430 5060 cal. BP), and the negative values all coming from later deposits (4820 3890 cal. BP). The nature of MRE values and the potential for spatial and temporal variation in values is the subject of current research interest and these data are placed in the context of (i) other estimates for UK coastal waters and (ii) important questions concerning current approaches to quantifying the MRE

‘Diamond ladies and a dream of hell': Fah-fee and the Coloured working class of Johannesburg 1918-1936

African Studies Seminar series. Paper presented 12 March, 1990. Not to be quoted without the Author's permission

A threat to property and lives: Black ‘crime’ and white ‘victims’ in Krugersdorp, 1887 to 1914

African Studies Seminar series. Paper presented May, 1991"Although he was helpless and defenceless, he decided to declare 'war' against his persecutors. Without arms he said, he was going to wage a relentless struggle against the white man. He was going to rob him, break into his stores, burgle his houses, and make him uncomfortable in every way possible". (1) A common perception amongst white residents in Krugersdorp during the period 1837-1923, was that blacks were engaged in a kind of low-key war against whites where newspapers reported almost every other day, how a white storekeeper had been murdered and robbed, how a white girl had been brutally raped, how gangs of 'Amalaita' were attacking white men in the streets and how even the policemen were not invulnerable to assaults at the hands of black criminals. What this Paper intends to show is that Krugersdorp's white residents saw hardened black criminals as a "threat to property and lives", and while calling for more police, more secure prisons and harsher sentences on such criminals, developed a racist consciousness that turned all blacks into "ascriptive criminals" who had to be separated from whites in every possible sphere and 'incarcerated' into-mine compounds, locations, separate hospitals, schools and halls and into separate queues at market tables, railway ticket offices and post offices, removed off the sidewalks and out of parks. In the process,this Paper hopes also to demonstrate the injustice of such a racist perception amongst white residents, the different ways in which black criminal statistics were inflated, the perceptions of black criminals themselves, the views of black residents of Krugersdorp, and finally, the minority voice amongst whites that responded differently to black crime. Rather than waste valuable space on a detailed "background" to introduce this Paper, I have taken the liberty to include a detailed survey of Krugersdorp within the text as a whole. The Paper progresses roughly chronologically from 1887 to 1914