Well-Posed Two-Temperature Constitutive Equations for Stable Dense Fluid Shockwaves using Molecular Dynamics and Generalizations of Navier-Stokes-Fourier Continuum Mechanics

Guided by molecular dynamics simulations, we generalize the Navier-Stokes-Fourier constitutive equations and the continuum motion equations to include both transverse and longitudinal temperatures. To do so we partition the contributions of the heat transfer, the work done, and the heat flux vector between the longitudinal and transverse temperatures. With shockwave boundary conditions time-dependent solutions of these equations converge to give stationary shockwave profiles. The profiles include anisotropic temperature and can be fitted to molecular dynamics results, demonstrating the utility and simplicity of a two-temperature description of far-from-equilibrium states.Comment: 19 pages with 10 figures, revised following review at Physical Review E and with additional figure/discussion, for presentation at the International Summer School and Conference "Advanced Problems in Mechanics" [Saint Petersburg, Russia] 1-5 July 2010

Charged Particles and the Electro-Magnetic Field in Non-Inertial Frames of Minkowski Spacetime: I. Admissible 3+1 Splittings of Minkowski Spacetime and the Non-Inertial Rest Frames

By using the 3+1 point of view and parametrized Minkowski theories we develop the theory of {\it non-inertial} frames in Minkowski space-time. The transition from a non-inertial frame to another one is a gauge transformation connecting the respective notions of instantaneous 3-space (clock synchronization convention) and of the 3-coordinates inside them. As a particular case we get the extension of the inertial rest-frame instant form of dynamics to the non-inertial rest-frame one. We show that every isolated system can be described as an external decoupled non-covariant canonical center of mass (described by frozen Jacobi data) carrying a pole-dipole structure: the invariant mass and an effective spin. Moreover we identify the constraints eliminating the internal 3-center of mass inside the instantaneous 3-spaces. In the case of the isolated system of positive-energy scalar particles with Grassmann-valued electric charges plus the electro-magnetic field we obtain both Maxwell equations and their Hamiltonian description in non-inertial frames. Then by means of a non-covariant decomposition we define the non-inertial radiation gauge and we find the form of the non-covariant Coulomb potential. We identify the coordinate-dependent relativistic inertial potentials and we show that they have the correct Newtonian limit. In the second paper we will study properties of Maxwell equations in non-inertial frames like the wrap-up effect and the Faraday rotation in astrophysics. Also the 3+1 description without coordinate-singularities of the rotating disk and the Sagnac effect will be given, with added comments on pulsar magnetosphere and on a relativistic extension of the Earth-fixed coordinate system.Comment: This paper and the second one are an adaptation of arXiv 0812.3057 for publication on Int.J.Geom. Methods in Modern Phys. 77

Seasonal changes in photosynthesis of eight savanna tree species

Seasonal variations in carbon assimilation of eight tree species of a north Australian tropical savanna were examined over two wet seasons and one dry season (18 months). Assimilation rates (A) in the two evergreen species, Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. and E. miniata A. Cunn. ex Schauer, were high throughout the study although there was a 10-20% decline in the dry season compared with the wet season. The three semi-deciduous species (Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Muell.) Baillon, Eucalyptus clavigera A. Cunn. ex Schauer, and Xanthostemon paradoxus F. Muell.) showed a 25-75% decline in A in the dry season compared with the wet season, and the deciduous species (Terminalia ferdinandiana Excell, Planchonia careya (F. Muell.) Kunth, and Cochlospermum fraseri Planchon) were leafless for several months in the dry season. Generally, the ratio of intercellular CO2 concentration to ambient CO2 concentration (C(i):C(a)) was larger in the wet season than in the dry season, indicating a smaller stomatal limitation of photosynthesis in the wet season compared with the dry season. In all species, the C(i):C(a) ratio and A were essentially independent of leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference (LAVPD) during the wet season, but both parameters generally declined with increasing LAVPD in the dry season. The slope of the positive correlation between A and transpiration rate (E) was less in the wet season than in the dry season. There was no evidence that high E inhibited A. Instantaneous transpiration efficiency was lowest in the wet season and highest during the dry season. Nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) was higher in the wet season than in the dry season because the decline in A in the dry season was proportionally larger than the decline in foliar nitrogen content. In the wet season, evergreen species exhibited higher NUE than semi-deciduous and deciduous species. In all species, A was linearly correlated with specific leaf area (SLA) and foliar N content. Foliar N content increased with increasing SLA. All species showed a decline in midday leaf water potential as the dry season progressed. Dry season midday water potentials were lowest in semi-deciduous species and highest in the deciduous species, with evergreen species exhibiting intermediate values

Vacuum interpolation in supergravity via super p-branes

We show that many of the recently proposed supersymmetric p-brane solutions of d=10 and d=11 supergravity have the property that they interpolate between Minkowski spacetime and a compactified spacetime, both being supersymmetric supergravity vacua. Our results imply that the effective worldvolume action for small fluctuations of the super p-brane is a supersingleton field theory for $(adS)_{p+2}$, as has been often conjectured in the past.Comment: 8p

Generating branes via sigma-models

Starting with the D-dimensional Einstein-dilaton-antisymmetric form equations and assuming a block-diagonal form of a metric we derive a $(D-d)$-dimensional $\sigma$-model with the target space $SL(d,R)/SO(d) \times SL(2,R)/SO(2) \times R$ or its non-compact form. Various solution-generating techniques are developed and applied to construct some known and some new $p$-brane solutions. It is shown that the Harrison transformation belonging to the $SL(2,R)$ subgroup generates black $p$-branes from the seed Schwarzschild solution. A fluxbrane generalizing the Bonnor-Melvin-Gibbons-Maeda solution is constructed as well as a non-linear superposition of the fluxbrane and a spherical black hole. A new simple way to endow branes with additional internal structure such as plane waves is suggested. Applying the harmonic maps technique we generate new solutions with a non-trivial shell structure in the transverse space (`matrioshka' $p$-branes). It is shown that the $p$-brane intersection rules have a simple geometric interpretation as conditions ensuring the symmetric space property of the target space. Finally, a Bonnor-type symmetry is used to construct a new magnetic 6-brane with a dipole moment in the ten-dimensional IIA theory.Comment: 21 pages Late

Abelian gauge theories on compact manifolds and the Gribov ambiguity

We study the quantization of abelian gauge theories of principal torus bundles over compact manifolds with and without boundary. It is shown that these gauge theories suffer from a Gribov ambiguity originating in the non-triviality of the bundle of connections whose geometrical structure will be analyzed in detail. Motivated by the stochastic quantization approach we propose a modified functional integral measure on the space of connections that takes the Gribov problem into account. This functional integral measure is used to calculate the partition function, the Greens functions and the field strength correlating functions in any dimension using the fact that the space of inequivalent connections itself admits the structure of a bundle over a finite dimensional torus. The Greens functions are shown to be affected by the non-trivial topology, giving rise to non-vanishing vacuum expectation values for the gauge fields.Comment: 33 page

Dimensional reduction of 4d heterotic string black holes

We perform the spherical symmetric dimensional reduction $4d\to2d$ of heterotic string theory. We find a class of two-dimensional (2d) dilaton gravity models that gives a general description of the near-horizon, near-extremal behavior of four-dimensional (4d) heterotic string black holes. We show that the duality group of the 4d theory is realized in two dimensions in terms of Weyl transformations of the metric. We use the 2d dilaton gravity theory to compute the statistical entropy of the near-extremal 4d, $a=1/\sqrt3$, black hole.Comment: 12 pages, LaTex fil

Legal coercion, respect & reason-responsive agency

Legal coercion seems morally problematic because it is susceptible to the Hegelian objection that it fails to respect individuals in a way that is ‘due to them as men’. But in what sense does legal coercion fail to do so? And what are the grounds for this requirement to respect? This paper is an attempt to answer these questions. It argues that (a) legal coercion fails to respect individuals as reason-responsive agents; and (b) individuals ought to be respected as such in virtue of the fact that they are human beings. Thus it is in this sense that legal coercion fails to treat individuals with the kind of respect ‘due to them as men’.The Leverhulme Trust (ECF-2012-032); AHRC (AH/H015655/1

Fundamental constants in effective theory

There is a discussion between L. B. Okun, G. Veneziano and M. J. Duff, concerning the number of fundamental dimensionful constants in physics (physics/0110060). They advocated correspondingly 3, 2 and 0 fundamental constants. Here we consider this problem on example of the effective relativistic quantum field theory, which emerges in the low energy corner of quantum liquids and which reproduces many features of our physics including chiral fermions, gauge fields and dynamical gravity.Comment: LaTeX file, 9 pages, version submitted to JETP Letter

Quantum power correction to the Newton law

We have found the graviton contribution to the one-loop quantum correction to the Newton law. This correction results in interaction decreasing with distance as 1/r^3 and is dominated numerically by the graviton contribution. The previous calculations of this contribution to the discussed effect are demonstrated to be incorrect.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures; numerical error corrected, few references adde