Laramide Deformation in Precambrian Granitic Rocks, Northeastern Wind River Range, Wyoming

Fractures and faults in the Jakey\u27s Fork area, northeastern Wind River Range, Wyoming, caused by brittle Laramide deformation in the Precambrian granitic basement have been studied in detail at airphoto, outcrop, and thin-section scales. The study area is bounded on the south by the approximately east-west and vertical Jakey\u27s Fork Fault and on the east by the approximately northwest-southeast and vertical Ross Lakes Fault. Both were active during Laramide deformation. Four distinct structural domains, defined by fracture pat terns and proximity to the two major faults nave emerged in this study. The areas are: 1) Along Ross Lakes Fault granite cores a fold defined by shallowly and steeply east dipping Cambrian Flathead Sandstone. Laramide movement on Ross Lakes Fault appears to have post-dated, Jakey \u27 s Fork Fault movement and was discordant with Precambrian zones. Fractures at all scales studied strike approximately northeast-southwest, consistent with the inferred maximum Laramide principal stress. 2) Along east-west striking Jakey\u27s Fork Fault, Laramide movement appears to have reactivated Precambrian mylonite zones as evidenced by the chlorite-rich, foliated cataclasite along its trace. Fractures at all scales have an approximate east-west orientation. 3) Near the intersection of the two faults, deformation was intense, as shown by mylonitic, breccia, and veined clasts. Discrete airphoto fractures were not recognized due to intense deformation in this interaction zone. 4) In the central area, away from the two faults, airphoto and outcrop fracture orientations have a north to northeast strike. Fracture orientations at the thin-section scale are more variable and do not agree with macroscopic orientations; they strike west to northwest. The central area is a \u27block\u27, possibly divided into \u27sub-blocks\u27 , bounded by zones along which much of the deformation occurred. Thus, these zones had an insulating effect at thin-section scale. The Paleozoic rocks were at least partially decoupled from the basement during deformation, suggested by gouge along the contact and different fracture orientations on opposite sides of the contact. At least two fluid systems are represented in the study area. Relatively wide-spread, pre-Laramide chlorite development occurred at temperatures and pressures higher than those present during Laramide deformation. A Laramide (or post-Laramie ) pervasive fluid system (especially near Ross Lakes Fault) is reflected by abundant fracture porosity, advanced feldspar alteration, and kaolinite development

County-Level Extension Programming: Continuity and Change in the Alabama Cooperative Extension System

Production agriculture is no longer a dominant feature of Alabama\u27s rural life. Forestry and natural resource issues have emerged as significant concerns expressed by County Advisory Boards designed to help shape county-level Extension programming in Alabama. Our findings indicate that county-level Extension programming continues to put greater emphasis on traditional agricultural programs than on forestry and natural resources even though County Advisory Boards considered the latter issues to have greater priority. We examine the potential causes for the continued dominance of traditional programs in Alabama and conclude that initiatives to change program priorities are unlikely to begin at the county level

Cost-Utility Analysis: Current Methodological Issues and Future Perspectives

The use of cost–effectiveness as final criterion in the reimbursement process for listing of new pharmaceuticals can be questioned from a scientific and policy point of view. There is a lack of consensus on main methodological issues and consequently we may question the appropriateness of the use of cost–effectiveness data in health care decision-making. Another concern is the appropriateness of the selection and use of an incremental cost–effectiveness threshold (Cost/QALY). In this review, we focus mainly on only some key methodological concerns relating to discounting, the utility concept, cost assessment, and modeling methodologies. Finally we will consider the relevance of some other important decision criteria, like social values and equity

One Engineer and a Dog: Technological Change and Social Restructuring in Alabama\u27s Pulp and Paper Industry

We apply a commodity systems analysis to examine a series of changes that are transforming Alabama\u27s pulp and paper industry. Alabama is a critical area for investigation because it lies at the heart of North America\u27s principle pulp and paper production zone. Industry restructuring is a complex process involving the reorganization of capital and corporate ownership, as well as changes in technologies, which affect the labor process. For example, a recent spate of corporate mergers has resulted in concentration of mill ownership and has accelerated the prevalence of sub-contracting. Indeed, the expansion of sub-contracting into new realms raises the fundamental question of what constitutes a core activity in this capital-intensive industry. The consolidation process has not proceeded in a unidirectional manner, however. For example, some corporations have expanded investments in forest land, while other firms have actively sought to divest themselves of direct ownership of such land, freeing capital for investment elsewhere. Placing Alabama mills in a broader regional context, we examine a set of environmental and economic pressures within the commodity system that have led to these changes

Comparing Simulations of AGN Feedback

We perform adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) cosmological zoom simulations of a region around a forming galaxy cluster, comparing the ability of the methods to handle successively more complex baryonic physics. In the simplest, non-radiative case, the two methods are in good agreement with each other, but the SPH simulations generate central cores with slightly lower entropies and virial shocks at slightly larger radii, consistent with what has been seen in previous studies. The inclusion of radiative cooling, star formation, and stellar feedback leads to much larger differences between the two methods. Most dramatically, at z=5, rapid cooling in the AMR case moves the accretion shock well within the virial radius, while this shock remains near the virial radius in the SPH case, due to excess heating, coupled with poorer capturing of the shock width. On the other hand, the addition of feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) to the simulations results in much better agreement between the methods. In this case both simulations display halo gas entropies of 100 keV cm^2, similar decrements in the star-formation rate, and a drop in the halo baryon content of roughly 30%. This is consistent with AGN growth being self-regulated, regardless of the numerical method. However, the simulations with AGN feedback continue to differ in aspects that are not self-regulated, such that in SPH a larger volume of gas is impacted by feedback, and the cluster still has a lower entropy central core.Comment: 22 pages, 20 figures, 3 tables, Accepted to ApJ, comments welcom

Determination of Optical Constants for Titan Aerosol-, and Exoplanet and Brown Dwarf Cloud Particle Analogs from the Visible to the Far Infrared

Here we present optical constants covering a broad wavelength range, from the visible to the far infrared, for Titan aerosol analogs produced in the Titan Haze Simulation (THS) experiment at Ames COSmIC facility, as well as other exoplanet-relevant materials

Introduction to forestry investment analysis: Part I. Basic investment characteristics and financial criteria

Many forest landowners consider their forest to be an investment. Some of these landowners, however, and many new timberland investors, may not fully understand the basic ingredients that make up a forestry investment. Like all investments, forestry involves costs and revenues, and rates of return can be calculated. These rates of return can be compared with interest rates earned for other investments, but forest landowners should be sure to understand the unique characteristics of a forestry investment. Most of the cash flow from a forestry investment will result from timber sales. Timber sale revenue, of course, is a function of current stumpage prices, but also it is a function of the amount of wood removed from an acre. This is called forest yield

Fractional Differential Forms II

This work further develops the properties of fractional differential forms. In particular, finite dimensional subspaces of fractional form spaces are considered. An inner product, Hodge dual, and covariant derivative are defined. Coordinate transformation rules for integral order forms are also computed. Matrix order fractional calculus is used to define matrix order forms. This is achieved by combining matrix order derivatives with exterior derivatives. Coordinate transformation rules and covariant derivative for matrix order forms are also produced. The Poincare' lemma is shown to be true for exterior fractional differintegrals of all orders excluding those whose orders are non-diagonalizable matrices.Comment: 40 page

Introduction to forestry investment analysis: Part II. Taxes, inflation, and other issues

Part I of this article covered the basics of compounding and discounting. You were introduced to forestry investment analysis. However, several complications were not discussed. What about inflation, taxes, and risk? Part II addresses basic complications. It also includes more detailed forestry investment analyses

Testing the diffusion hypothesis as a mechanism of self-healing in Disperse orange 11 doped in PMMA

In this work, we show that reversible photodegradation of Disperse Orange 11 doped in PMMA is not due to dye diffusion - a common phenomenon observed in many dye-doped polymers. The change in linear absorbance due to photodegradation of the material shows an isobestic point, which is consistent with the formation of a quasi-stable damaged species. Spatially-resolved amplified spontaneous emission and fluorescence, both related to the population density, are measured by scanning the pump beam over a burn mark. A numerical model of the time evolution of the population density due to diffusion is inconsistent with the experimental data suggesting that diffusion is not responsible.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure