A Review on Drug of Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH), their Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Hypertension, specifically pulmonary hypertension, is a syndromethat can affect pediatric patients as well as adults. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in pediatric patients, while rare, can be a lifethreateningcondition. There is no cure for PAH, only treatment options forchildren that are largely based on the results of adult studies. These therapies, however, can improve quality of life and survival. Treatment can be challenging because of the less approved medications and tolerable dosage forms for pediatric patients. Pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) shares common features of adult disease, but is associated with several additional disorders and challenges that require unique approaches. Current classes of medications primarily used to treat pediatric hypertension include phosphodiesterase inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists, and prostacyclins. Additional agents that may be utilized in selected pediatric patients include calcium channel blockers, anticoagulants, and inhalednitric oxide. Updates are provided on issues related to utility of the previous classification system to reflect pediatric-specific aetiologies and approaches to medical and interventional management of PAH. Also updates are provided about currently available drug substance and their details, pharmaceutical dosage forms and their details along with the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics of the drug. These emerging data are improving the identification of appropriate targets for goal-oriented therapy inchildren. Such data will likely improve future advanced pharmaceutical dosage development and product design to enhance outcomes in pediatric PAH. Keywords: Pulmonary arterial hypertension, pediatric hypertension, PA

Update Review Article: Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a frequent and severe complication in cirrhotic patients with ascites. To describe spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in the context of currently accepted criteria for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. A review of SBP and its associated etiopathogenic factors is presented. Numerous studies on mechanisms of disease, bacteriology, epidemiology, diagnostic markers, and current guidelines for its diagnosis, treatment and prevention are discussed. Peritonitis in patients with ascites in the absence of secondary causes, such as perforation of a viscus, occurs primarily in patients with end-stage liver disease. Enteric organisms, mainly gram-negative bacilli, probably translocate to regional lymph nodes to produce bacteremia and seeding of ascitic fluid. Signs and symptoms of peritonitis are usually subtle. The ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear leukocyte count is the best determinant for early diagnosis and treatment of SBP. Third-generation cephalosporins such as cefotaxime are considered the drugs of choice for treatment, whereas quinolones such as norfloxacin are used to decrease recurrence. Despite increased awareness, early diagnosis, and prompt and effective antimicrobial therapy, SBP recurs frequently and is associated with a high mortality rate. Patients with SBP should be assessed for candidacy for liver transplantation. Keyword: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Bacteriology, Epidemiology, Diagnostic markers, Cephalosporin

Transdermal patches: an emerging mode of drug delivery system in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Transdermal Patches have been contributing important part to the pharmaceutical industry and medical practice by providing advances in delivery of treatment with existing and novel drugs. Transdermal drug delivery system has made great contribution in the medical practices but many researches are undergoing to achieve its full potential. Transdermal drug delivery system was came into existence to overcome difficulties of drug delivery especially oral route. Transdermal drug delivery refers to means of delivering drugs through the surface of the skin for local or systemic treatment. The drug functions after absorption through skin into the systemic circulation via capillary action at certain rate. Transdermal patches are now widely used as topical and transdermal delivery systems. These patches are a significant result of advancements in skin science, technology, and knowledge, which have been created via trial and error, clinical observation, and evidence-based investigations dating back to the earliest human records. A transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is applied to the skin and used to deliver a precise amount of medicine into the bloodstream via the skin. A benefit of transdermal medication administration over other forms of delivery systems such as oral, topical, intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), and so on is that it is non-invasive. Transdermal patches provide medication to the patient in a regulated manner, either by a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or by body heat melting tiny layers of drug contained in the adhesive. This review article covers the basics of transdermal patches, such as the many types of patches, how they're made, and what factors influence them, among other things. Keyword: Skin Delivery, Transdermal Drug Delivery System, Transdermal Excipients, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Sildenafil Citrate

PHYSIOCHEMICAL, IN-VITRO, EX-VIVO AND IN-VIVO EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES BASED ON QBD APPROACH: AN OVERVIEW

There are various forms of prescription drugs available in the market for human and animal purposes, which may be administered for acute or chronic treatment. And a variety of dosage regimens of different dosage forms are found in general, among which one of the treatment modes is the transdermal route. The Transdermal Tract Route is a more accurate way to get into the skin without pain, faster to systemic circulation than the oral route and the drug reaches the systemic circulation in a controlled transmission. Improving the transdermal system poses an additional challenge to maintain Quality by Design (QbD) with quality, consistency, reproduction, stability and efficiency. With the QbD method of pharmaceutical product production, product quality is considered much faster than waiting until the end to be tested for quality. In essence, this includes determining the sources of the unpredictability that may be contributing to the process. This approach ensures that the causes of quality problems are identified. The main result is a pharmaceutical product manufactured to meet pre-determined quality requirements from the outset. In essence, this includes determining the sources of the unpredictability that may be contributing to the process. This approach ensures that the causes of quality problems are identified. The main result is a pharmaceutical product manufactured to meet pre-determined quality requirements from the outset. Critical quality attribute (CQA) and Critical Process Parameters can be used to establish QbD (CPP). During the construction of a transdermal design, it is important to check the various key parameters that help maintain the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) of the drug product

Impact of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal on Egg Quality Traits in Japanese quail

To evaluate the effect of diet supplementation with Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on egg quality traits of Japanese quails, a study was conducted for 16 weeks. For this purpose, a total of 270 adult female quails and 90 adult male quails of seven weeks of age were divided into 5 groups (M0, M0.5, M1, M1.5, and M2) of 3 replicates of 24 birds (18 females and 6 males) each. The groups corresponded to 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% inclusion levels of MOLM. The egg quality traits were studied fortnightly in four randomly collected eggs per replicate. An improvement (P≤0.05) in the egg quality traits, particularly egg shape index, albumen index, yolk colour score, and Haugh unit was recorded in the quails fed MOLM-based diets which denote better egg quality and higher chances of acceptability of the eggs by the consumer. It is concluded that MOLM can be safely included at 2% in the diets of Japanese quails