Statistical methods for the selection of differentially expressed genes from DNA array data : application to the analysis of the gene expression induced in sugarcane by phosphate deficiency

Orientador: Marcelo Menossi Teixeira, Aluisio de Souza PinheiroTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Arranjos de DNA são uma poderosa técnica de monitoramento da expressão gênica em larga escala. No entanto, a grande quantidade de dados gerados com esse tipo de experimento requer um tratamento estatístico adequado às suas características. Uma aplicação importante dos arranjos de DNA é a identificação de genes diferencialmente expressos em diferentes amostras de RNA. Essa seleção demanda testes estatísticos apurados, capazes de distinguir, entre o grande número de genes usualmente presentes nos arranjos, aqueles cuja expressão é significativamente diferenciada. Neste trabalho nós desenvolvemos algoritmos para a análise estatística dos dados provenientes de arranjos de DNA, eficientes em lidar com os problemas usuais nesse tipo de dados, como o número limitado de réplicas. Aplicados a dados simulados, os algoritmos desenvolvidos mostraram-se competitivos com outros métodos de análises descritos na literatura, superando-os em algumas situações. A aplicação desses algoritmos foi também demonstrada em um experimento voltado à identificação de genes de cana-deaçúcar diferencialmente expressos em resposta a deficiência de fosfato. O fósforo é um macronutriente essencial, captado pelas plantas principalmente na forma de fosfato inorgânico (Pi). A deficiência de fosfato é freqüente na natureza, especialmente nos solos ácidos das regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Devido a grande importância econômica da cana-de-açúcar, a identificação de genes diferencialmente expressos em resposta à deficiência de fosfato nesta espécie é de grande interesse científico e agronômico. Algoritmos de agrupamento foram também aplicados aos dados de expressão obtidos no experimento, identificando padrões de expressão gênica nos diferentes estágios da resposta da cana a esse estresse e proporcionando assim uma caracterização adicional da mesma. Futuramente, os resultados desse trabalho podem conduzir ao desenvolvimento de linhagens de cana-de-açúcar com melhor desempenho em solos pobres de fosfato, o que seria de extremo interesse agronômicoAbstract: DNA arrays are a powerful technique for monitoring gene expression in large scale. However, the great amount of data generated by this kind of experiment requires a statistical treatment adequate to its characteristics. An important application of DNA arrays is the identification of differentially expressed genes in different RNA samples. This selection demands refined statistical tests, able of distinguish among the great number of genes usually present in the arrays those which expression is significantly different. In this work, we have developed algorithms for the analysis of DNA array data, efficient in handling the usual problems in this kind of data, as the limited number of replicates. When applied to data simulations the developed algorithms showed to be competitive with other methods of analysis described in the literature and widely used, overperforming them in some situations. The application of these algorithms was also demonstrated in an experiment devoted to the identification of sugarcane genes differentially expressed in response to phosphate deficiency. Phosphorous is an essential macronutrient, absorbed by plants mostly in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi). The phosphate deficiency is frequent in the nature, especially in the acid soils of tropical and subtropical areas. Because of the great economical importance of sugarcane, the identification of genes that are differentially expressed in response to phosphate deficiency in this species is of great scientific and agronomic interest. Clustering algorithms were also applied to the expression data obtained in the experiment, identifying patterns of gene expression in the different stages of the sugarcane response to the stress, thus providing an additional characterization of it. In the future, the results of this work can lead to the development of sugarcane cultivars that have better performance in phosphate deficient soils, what would be of great agronomic interestDoutoradoBioinformáticaDoutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecula

Avaliação da performance de diferentes plásticos usados para selar arranjos de cDNA em náilon

cDNA arrays are a powerful tool for discovering gene expression patterns. Nylon arrays have the advantage that they can be re-used several times. A key issue in high throughput gene expression analysis is sensitivity. In the case of nylon arrays, signal detection can be affected by the plastic bags used to keep membranes humid. In this study, we evaluated the effect of five types of plastics on the radioactive transmittance, number of genes with a signal above the background, and data variability. A polyethylene plastic bag 69 μm thick had a strong shielding effect that blocked 68.7% of the radioactive signal. The shielding effect on transmittance decreased the number of detected genes and increased the data variability. Other plastics which were thinner gave better results. Although plastics made from polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl chloride (both 13 μm thick) and polyethylene (29 and 7 μm thick) showed different levels of transmittance, they all gave similarly good performances. Polyvinylidene chloride and polyethylene 29 mm thick were the plastics of choice because of their easy handling. For other types of plastics, it is advisable to run a simple check on their performance in order to obtain the maximum information from nylon cDNA arrays.Os arranjos de cDNA são uma poderosa ferramenta para o estudo de padrões de expressão gênica. Os arranjos em membranas de náilon apresentam ainda a vantagem de poderem ser reutilizados diversas vezes. Porém, um ponto bastante delicado em estudos de expressão gênica em larga escala é a sensibilidade. No caso de arranjos em membranas de náilon, a detecção dos sinais pode ser afetada pelo envoltório plástico utilizado para manter as membranas úmidas. Nesse estudo, nós avaliamos os efeitos de cinco tipos de plásticos na transmissão radioativa detectada, no número de genes com sinal acima da emissão de fundo e na variabilidade dos dados. O plástico produzido com polietileno com 69 μm de espessura apresentou uma forte interferência na emissão radioativa, bloqueando 68.7% do sinal detectado. Este bloqueio na transmitância diminuiu o numero de genes detectados e aumentou a variabilidade dos dados. Outros plásticos mais finos tiveram resultados melhores. Apesar de plásticos feitos de cloreto de polivinilideno e cloreto de polivinila (ambos com 13 μm de espessura) e polietileno (29 e 7 μm de espessura) terem diferentes níveis de transmitância, todos apresentaram performances semelhantes nos testes realizados. Cloreto de polivinilideno e polietileno com 29 μm de espessura foram os plásticos escolhidos devido à facilidade de manuseio. Para outros tipos de plásticos, é recomendável realizar um teste de suas performances antes de utilizá-los para envolver membranas de náilon, de forma a obter o máximo de informação dos experimentos com arranjos de cDNA.18831887Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700

Evaluation of the performance of different plastics used to seal nylon cDNA arrays Avaliação da performance de diferentes plásticos usados para selar arranjos de cDNA em náilon

cDNA arrays are a powerful tool for discovering gene expression patterns. Nylon arrays have the advantage that they can be re-used several times. A key issue in high throughput gene expression analysis is sensitivity. In the case of nylon arrays, signal detection can be affected by the plastic bags used to keep membranes humid. In this study, we evaluated the effect of five types of plastics on the radioactive transmittance, number of genes with a signal above the background, and data variability. A polyethylene plastic bag 69 μm thick had a strong shielding effect that blocked 68.7% of the radioactive signal. The shielding effect on transmittance decreased the number of detected genes and increased the data variability. Other plastics which were thinner gave better results. Although plastics made from polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl chloride (both 13 μm thick) and polyethylene (29 and 7 μm thick) showed different levels of transmittance, they all gave similarly good performances. Polyvinylidene chloride and polyethylene 29 mm thick were the plastics of choice because of their easy handling. For other types of plastics, it is advisable to run a simple check on their performance in order to obtain the maximum information from nylon cDNA arrays.Os arranjos de cDNA são uma poderosa ferramenta para o estudo de padrões de expressão gênica. Os arranjos em membranas de náilon apresentam ainda a vantagem de poderem ser reutilizados diversas vezes. Porém, um ponto bastante delicado em estudos de expressão gênica em larga escala é a sensibilidade. No caso de arranjos em membranas de náilon, a detecção dos sinais pode ser afetada pelo envoltório plástico utilizado para manter as membranas úmidas. Nesse estudo, nós avaliamos os efeitos de cinco tipos de plásticos na transmissão radioativa detectada, no número de genes com sinal acima da emissão de fundo e na variabilidade dos dados. O plástico produzido com polietileno com 69 μm de espessura apresentou uma forte interferência na emissão radioativa, bloqueando 68.7% do sinal detectado. Este bloqueio na transmitância diminuiu o numero de genes detectados e aumentou a variabilidade dos dados. Outros plásticos mais finos tiveram resultados melhores. Apesar de plásticos feitos de cloreto de polivinilideno e cloreto de polivinila (ambos com 13 μm de espessura) e polietileno (29 e 7 μm de espessura) terem diferentes níveis de transmitância, todos apresentaram performances semelhantes nos testes realizados. Cloreto de polivinilideno e polietileno com 29 μm de espessura foram os plásticos escolhidos devido à facilidade de manuseio. Para outros tipos de plásticos, é recomendável realizar um teste de suas performances antes de utilizá-los para envolver membranas de náilon, de forma a obter o máximo de informação dos experimentos com arranjos de cDNA

Effect of the GSNO in the Genic Expression in Cells Suspension of Sugar Cane

Plant-pathogen interactions, apoptose, respiration and stomatal closure are some of the process that are modulated at least in part by nitric oxide (NO). Only recently a NO forming enzyme was cloned in Arabidopsis thaliana and the knowledge on the genes that are modulated by this molecule is limited. In this work we evaluated the effect of a NO donor on the gene expression in sugacane cells suspension. Nylon cDNA arrays containing 6144 genes were hybridized with cDNA obtained from cells exposed to 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 mM for six hours. Thirteen genes were induced and two were repressed. Genes encoding aminotransferases, peroxidases and proteins with unknown functions were differentially expressed. The role of these gene in the putative NO pathway in sugarcane will be described

Mutational Signatures Driven by Epigenetic Determinants Enable the Stratification of Patients with Gastric Cancer for Therapeutic Intervention

DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) is associated with the microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype and leads to increased mutation load, which in turn may impact anti-tumor immune responses and treatment effectiveness. Various mutational signatures directly linked to dMMR have been described for primary cancers. To investigate which mutational signatures are associated with prognosis in gastric cancer, we performed a de novo extraction of mutational signatures in a cohort of 787 patients. We detected three dMMR-related signatures, one of which clearly discriminates tumors with MLH1 gene silencing caused by promoter hypermethylation (area under the curve = 98%). We then demonstrated that samples with the highest exposure of this signature share features related to better prognosis, encompassing clinical and molecular aspects and altered immune infiltrate composition. Overall, the assessment of the prognostic value and of the impact of modifications in MMR-related genes on shaping specific dMMR mutational signatures provides evidence that classification based on mutational signature exposure enables prognosis stratification

Genome-wide study of the defective sucrose fermenter strain of Vibrio cholerae from the Latin American cholera epidemic.

Contains fulltext : 108030.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)The 7th cholera pandemic reached Latin America in 1991, spreading from Peru to virtually all Latin American countries. During the late epidemic period, a strain that failed to ferment sucrose dominated cholera outbreaks in the Northern Brazilian Amazon region. In order to understand the genomic characteristics and the determinants of this altered sucrose fermenting phenotype, the genome of the strain IEC224 was sequenced. This paper reports a broad genomic study of this strain, showing its correlation with the major epidemic lineage. The potentially mobile genomic regions are shown to possess GC content deviation, and harbor the main V. cholera virulence genes. A novel bioinformatic approach was applied in order to identify the putative functions of hypothetical proteins, and was compared with the automatic annotation by RAST. The genome of a large bacteriophage was found to be integrated to the IEC224's alanine aminopeptidase gene. The presence of this phage is shown to be a common characteristic of the El Tor strains from the Latin American epidemic, as well as its putative ancestor from Angola. The defective sucrose fermenting phenotype is shown to be due to a single nucleotide insertion in the V. cholerae sucrose-specific transportation gene. This frame-shift mutation truncated a membrane protein, altering its structural pore-like conformation. Further, the identification of a common bacteriophage reinforces both the monophyletic and African-Origin hypotheses for the main causative agent of the 1991 Latin America cholera epidemics