Zwischen Sensibilisierung und Strategie: Anmerkungen zum Personalmanagement in der Museumslandschaft

Personal ist ein strategischer Erfolgsfaktor für die Arbeit von Museen. Die sich verschärfenden Umfeld- und Marktbedingungen, denen sich der kulturelle Sektor gegenübersieht, verleihen der Notwendigkeit für ein Personalmanagement zusätzlich Nachdruck. Das Themenfeld Museum und Personal wurde aber bislang kaum beachtet und spielte auch bisher in der Diskussion zum Museumsmanagement eine untergeordnete Rolle. Mögliche Gründe für diese Vernachlässigung und Ansatzpunkte zur Verbesserung der personalpolitischen Rahmenbedingungen in der Museumslandschaft erörtert das vorliegende Diskussionspapier.Personnel is a strategic factor in the successful operation of museums. The harsh social and economic constraints challenging the cultural sector today amplify the importance of personnel management. However, the field of personnel in museums has received little notice as yet and has played a subordinate role in the discussion of museum management. This paper examines possible reasons for the neglect of this issue and suggests first steps to improving general personnel policy in the museum landscape

Demographischer Wandel und kulturelle Infrastruktur: Auswirkungen und Handlungsansätze

Der kulturelle Sektor kann sich der demographischen Entwicklung nicht entziehen. Die Alterung der Gesellschaft, die schrumpfende Bevölkerungszahl sowie die externe und interne Migration werden Kulturinstitutionen vor erhebliche Herausforderungen stellen. Notwendig ist eine differenzierte Analyse der jeweiligen Ausgangssituation, auf deren Grundlage die Akteure – Kulturschaffende, Kulturpolitiker und Kulturförderer – ihr Handeln langfristig ausrichten. Das vorliegende Diskussionspapier skizziert neben den wesentlichen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Kunst, Kultur und demographischem Wandel grundsätzliche Handlungsstrategien des kulturellen Sektors.The cultural sector cannot avoid the effects of demographic change. The aging society, the shrinking population as well as emigration and immigration are presenting cultural institutions with considerable challenges. A complex analysis of the initial situation in each case is essential if those involved ? artists, cultural policy-makers and patrons of the arts ? are to give long-term direction to their actions. This paper sketches the fundamental interaction among arts, culture and demographic change and examines basic strategies for action in the cultural sector

Cold, thermal and oscillator closure of the atomic chain

We consider a simple microscopic model for a solid body and study the problematic nature of micro/macro transitions. The microscopic model describes the solid body by a many particle system that develops according to NEWTONs equations of motion. We discuss various initial value problems that lead to the propagation of waves. The initial value problems are solved directly from the microscopic equations of motion. Additionally these equations serve to establish macroscopic field equations. The macroscopic field equations consist of conservation laws, which follow rigorously from the microscopic equations, and of closure relations which are completely determined by the distributions of the microscopic motion. In particular we consider three kinds of closure relations which correspond to three different kinds of equilibrium. It turns out that closure relations cannot be given appropriately without relating them to the initial conditions, and that closure relations might change during the temporal development of the initial data, because the body undergoes several transitions between different states of local equilibrium. In those examples that we have considered, the macroscopic variables mass density and temperature do not constitute an unique kind of microscopic motion

Reflections of Eulerian Shock Waves at Moving Adiabatic Boundaries

This study solves the initial and boundary value problem for the Euler equations of gases. The boundaries are allowed to move and are assumed to be adiabatic. In addition we shall discuss that isothermal walls are not possible within the Euler theory. We do not formulate the boundary conditions in terms of the macroscopic basic variables mass density, velocity and temperature. Instead we consider the underlying kinetic picture which exhibits the interaction of the gas atoms with the boundaries. Hereby the advantage is offered to formulate the boundary conditions in a very suggestive manner. This procedure becomes possible, because we approach the solution of the Euler equations by the following limit: We rely on the moment representation of the macroscopic basic variables, and in order to obtain the temporal development of the phase density, we decompose a given macroscopic time interval into periods of free flight of the gas atoms. These periods of duration TME are interrupted by a maximization of entropy, thus introducing a simulation of the interatomic interaction. In [2] we have shown that the Euler equations may be established in the limit TME → 0

Initial and Boundary Value Problems of Hyperbolic Heat Conduction

This is a study on the initial and boundary value problem of a symmetric hyperbolic system which is related to the conduction of heat in solids at low temperatures. The nonlinear system consists of a conservation equation for the energy density e and a balance equation for the heat flux Qi, where e and Qi are the four basic fields of the theory. The initial and boundary value problem that uses exclusively prescribed boundary data for the energy density e is solved by a new kinetic approach. This method includes the formation of shock fronts and the broadening of heat pulses. These effects cannot be observed in the linearized theory, as it is described in [4]. The kinetic representations of the initial and boundary value problem reveal a peculiar phenomenon. To the solution there contribute integrals containing the initial fields e0 (x), Q0 (x) as well as integrals that need knowledge on energy and heat flux at a boundary. However, only one of these quantities can be controlled in an experiment. When this ambiguity is removed by a continuity condition, it will turn out that after some very short time energy and heat flux are related to each other according to the Rankine Hugoniot relation

The Maximum Entropy Principle Revisited

We study the effect of the Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP) on the thermodynamic behaviour of gases. The MEP relies on the kinetic theory of gases and yields the local constitutive equations of Extended Thermodynamics. There are two extreme cases on the scale of the kinetic theory: Dominance of particle interactions and free flight. In its current form the MEP gives the phase density that maximizes the entropy at each instant of time. This is appropriate in case of dominant particle interaction but it is not adequate for free flight. Here we introduce a modified MEP that is capable to link both extreme cases. To illustrate the way the modified MEP works, we consider an example which leads in the case of dominant particle interactions to the Euler equations. In addition there results a representation theorem that contains the global solutions of the Euler equations with all shock interactions for arbitrary large variations of the initial data

Kinetic solutions of the Boltzmann-Peierls equation and its moment systems

The evolution of heat in crystalline solids is described at low temperatures by the Boltzmann-Peierls-Equation which is a kinetic equation for the phase density of phonons. In this study we solve initial value problems for the Boltzmann-Peierls-Equation with respect to the following questionings: In thermodynamics, a given kinetic equation is usually replaced by its truncated moment systems which in turn is supplemented by a closure principle so that there results a system of PDE's for some moments as thermodynamic variables. A very popular closure principle is the Maximum Entropy Principle yielding a symmetric hyperbolic system. In recent times this strategy has lead to serious studies on two problems that might arise. 1. Do solutions of the Maximum Entropy Principle exist? 2. Is the physics which is embodied in the kinetic equation more or less equivalently displayed by the truncated moment system? It was Junk who proved for the Boltzmann equation of gases that Maximum Entropy solutions do not exist. The same failure appears for the Fokker-Planck-Equation, which was proved by means of explicit solutions by Dreyer/Junk/Kunik. The current study yields a positive existence result. We prove for the Boltzmann-Peierls-Equation hat the Maximum Entropy Principle is well posed and that it can be used to establish a closed hyperbolic moment system of PDE's. Regarding the second question on the equivalence of moments that are calculated by solutions of the Boltzmann-Peierls-Equation and moments that result from the Maximum Entropy system we develop a numerical method that allows a comparison of both solutions. In particular, we introduce a numerical kinetic scheme that consists of free flight periods and two classes of update rules. The first class of rules are the same for the kinetic equation as well as for the Maximum Entropy system, while the second class of update rules contain additional rules for the Maximum Entropy system. It is illustrated that if sufficient many moments are taken into account, both solutions converge to each other. However, it is additionally illustrated, that the numerical effort to solve the kinetic equation is less than the effort to solve the Maximum Entropy system

Kinetic schemes and initial boundary value problems for the Euler system

We study kinetic solutions, including shocks, of initial and boundary value problems for the Euler equations of gases. In particular we consider moving adiabatic boundaries, which may be driven either by a given path or because they are subjected to forces. In the latter case we consider a gas in a cylinder, and the boundary may represent a piston that suffers forces by the incoming and outgoing gas particles. Moreover, we will study periodic boundary conditions. A kinetic scheme consists of three ingredients: (i) There are periods of free flight of duration τM, where the gas particles move according to the free transport equation. (ii) It is assumed that the distribution of the gas particles at the beginning of each of these periods is given by a MAXWELLian. (iii) The interaction of gas particles with a boundary is described by a so called extension law, that determines the phase density at the boundary, and provides additionally continuity conditions for the the fields at the boundary in order to achieve convergence. The EULER equations result in the limit τM → 0. We prove rigorous results for these kinetic schemes concerning (i) regularity, (ii) weak conservation laws, (iii) entropy inequality and (iv) continuity conditions for the fields at the boundaries. The study is supplemented by some numerical examples. This approach is by no mean restricted to EULER equations or to adiabatic boundaries, but it holds also for other hyperbolic systems, namely those that rely on a kinetic formulation

Kinetic schemes of selected initial and boundary value problems

The hyperbolic system that describes heat conduction at low temperatures and the relativistic Euler equations belong to a class of hyperbolic conservation laws that result from an underlying kinetic equation. The focus of this study is the establishment of an kinetic approach in order to solve initial and boundary value problems for the two examples. The ingredients of the kinetic approach are: (i) Representation of macroscopic fields by moment integrals of the kinetic phase density. (ii) Decomposition of the evolution into periods of free flight, which are interrupted by update times. (iii) At the update times the data are refreshed by the Maximum Entropy Principle

Modeling Framework for Integrated, Model-based Development of Product-Service Systems

Product-service systems (PSS) are seen as the 21st-century solution for direct delivery of value to customers under the requirements of high availability, quality, and reduced risks. With mutual benefits for customers, manufacturers, service providers and often the environment, PSS represent a promising approach to sustainable development. This paper addresses the integrated development of product-service systems consisting of physical products/systems and services and proposes an integrated modeling framework that utilizes the Systems Modeling Language. A use case from Lenze, a German automation company, demonstrates the applicability of the integrated modeling framework in practice