Applied Technological Direction of Power Plant Ash and Slag Waste Management when Kuznetsk Bituminous Coal is Burned

Currently a lot of power plants have a problem with storage of coal combustion solid by-products (ash and slag). Holding capacity of existing power plants available ash dumps were enlarged and modernized repeatedly. Many plants have two or even three of them. Today new ash dump construction is economically inconvenient due to need to assign new plots of land and their inconveniently big distance from a plant, which increase ash and slag transportation expenses. The goal of our research work is to find promising directions for ash and slag waste mass utilization based on Kuznetsk bituminous coals experimental data on ultimate composition and properties. The experimental research of ash, slag and their mixture samples from ash dumps brought us to conclusion that the most promising direction for these materials application in large quantities is construction industry including road construction. Be-sides, we lined up some other directions for ash, slag, and ash and slag mixture possible application. These directions might not provide mass utilization but they are promising from a point of view of the researched waste properties

Исследование состава донных отложений реки Кисловки в составе инженерно-экологических изысканий на территории перспективной застройки (Томский район)

На изменение состояния и развития природно-антропогенных водных объектов оказывают влияние различные факторы. Данная работа направлена на выявление пространственных изменений и факторов формирования эколого-геохимического состояния донных отложений р. Кисловки. В работе исследованы донные отложения и речные воды р. Кисловки. На основе аналитических исследований были построены диаграммы пространственного распределения химических элементов и выявлены закономерности их изменения.Changes in the state and development of natural-anthropogenic water bodies are influenced by various factors. This work is aimed at identifying spatial changes and factors in the formation of the ecological and geochemical state of bottom sediments of the river Kislovka. The study investigated bottom sediments and river waters of the river Kislovka. On the basis of analytical studies, diagrams of the spatial distribution of chemical elements were constructed and the patterns of their change were revealed

Stresses and recrystallization in thin metallic films

This diploma thesis is divided into two parts. It covers two different issues and the experiments analyzed in this thesis have been performed in two different laboratories. The first part covers stresses in thin films, which are measured by determining the curvature of the film on a substrate using a 'wafer curvature apparatus'. It is equipped with an annealing unit and a gas cell. The annealing unit can be utilized to determine the stress and reflectivity changes of phase change material at the phase transition temperature. The gas cell allows stress and reflectivity analysis of switchable windows, which change their properties upon exposure to hydrogen. The second part of this thesis has been carried out at the Bell Laboratories of Lucent Technologies in Murray Hill, New Jersey. It covers the characterization of electroplated copper in damascene structures. These copper interconnects allow higher performance computer chips at lower costs compared to the conventional technology of aluminum interconnects. The advantage of copper is based on its low resistance, which provides good electromigration performance and allows high clock speeds. The copper electroplated into narrow trenches has unique properties analyzed in this thesis. The recrystallization at room temperature is investigated as well as the crystallographic texture of the copper

In-Situ-Messungen der mechanischen Spannungen in gesputterten Metall- und Oxidschichten

This thesis covers the stress evolution in thin sputtered metal and oxide films. To achieve this, a deposition system for reactive direct-current sputtering with integrated in-situ wafer curvature setup has been developed and is presented here. At first, metal films (zinc, zirconium, niobium and titanium) have been deposited and analyzed during growth. By mixing oxygen into the sputter gas, the corresponding oxide films have been obtained. The stress evolution during the growth of the metals depends strongly on the mobility of the deposited material and therefor on its melting point. Zinc with a low melting point exhibits the same stress development which has been observed during growth of evaporated films of high mobility. Due to its high mobility, all defects, which occur due the bombardment by reflected argon during sputtering can anneal. In the case of the low mobility metals, effects of the grain boundaries leading to tensile stress and of the bombardment leading to compressive stress have been observed. The analysis of the stress changes upon change of stoichiometry from metallic to oxidic films reveal that these changes cannot be explained by a single effect only. On the one hand, the target oxidizes, which changes the bombardment of the growing film and on the other hand, the growth of the film is affected directly. Adding small amounts of oxygen into the sputter gas leads to nano-crystalline films by immobilizing the grain boundaries of the growing metallic film. This causes high tensile stresses even if the same metallic film grown at the same deposition conditions just without addition of oxygen contained compressive stresses. The oxygen also influences the sputter target, which oxidizes increasingly upon increasing oxygen flow, until the whole target is covered with an oxide layer. In this growing oxide layer, an increasing number of oxygen ions is created, which is accelerated towards the substrate and causes high compressive stresses. Changes between the different oxides have also been found in the beginning of growth. The amorphous oxides niobium oxide and titanium oxide exhibit tensile stresses in the beginning of growth, while the crystalline oxides zinc oxide and zirconium oxide no tensile stresses can be found. Here, the compressive stresses dominate already in the beginning of the growth process. This behavior has been related to the structure and therefor to the different amount of grain boundaries in the material

Stresses and recrystallization in thin metallic films

This diploma thesis is divided into two parts. It covers two different issues and the experiments analyzed in this thesis have been performed in two different laboratories. The first part covers stresses in thin films, which are measured by determining the curvature of the film on a substrate using a 'wafer curvature apparatus'. It is equipped with an annealing unit and a gas cell. The annealing unit can be utilized to determine the stress and reflectivity changes of phase change material at the phase transition temperature. The gas cell allows stress and reflectivity analysis of switchable windows, which change their properties upon exposure to hydrogen. The second part of this thesis has been carried out at the Bell Laboratories of Lucent Technologies in Murray Hill, New Jersey. It covers the characterization of electroplated copper in damascene structures. These copper interconnects allow higher performance computer chips at lower costs compared to the conventional technology of aluminum interconnects. The advantage of copper is based on its low resistance, which provides good electromigration performance and allows high clock speeds. The copper electroplated into narrow trenches has unique properties analyzed in this thesis. The recrystallization at room temperature is investigated as well as the crystallographic texture of the copper