Confessional Mentality as a (Dis)Integration Factor

U tekstu se razmatra religiocentralizam kao faktor (dez)integrativnih procesa. Religiocentrizam se može pratiti na dva nivoa: na nivou celog kontinenta (Evropa) i na nivou jedne zemlje. U oba slučaja važe dva podnivoa analize: najpre, analiza odnosa među religijama (hrišćanstvo i islam), a zatim između krakova, konfesija svake od njih (pravoslavlje, katoličanstvo, protestantizam; suniti i šiiti). Na konkretnijem nivou, konfesionalni mentalitet kao faktor dez/integracije demonstrira se na primeru Jugoslavije, u kojoj se prožimaju bar tri kulturna kruga: 1. zapadno-evropski, odnosno katoličko-protestantski, 2. vizantijsko-pravoslavni, 3. otomansko-islamski. Predlaže se originalno definisanje konfesionalne pripadnosti (identifikacije) i daje konfesionalna panorama jugoslovenskog stanovništva. Kritikuje se način određivanja konfesionalne pripadnosti u oficijalu verskih zajednica koji, poistovećivanjem konfesionalne i nacionalne pripadnosti, može dezintegrisati ljude po nacionalnoj osnovi, sukobljavati po verskoj, kao što ih suprostavlja na liniji konfesionalno opredeljenih i bezkonfesionalaca, teista, indiferentnih i ateista. Ukazuje se na sociološku činjenicu o narušavanju monokonfesionalizma nacija, koje se odigrava dvema konverzijama. Jedan put konfesionalne konverzije vodi deo određene nacije u gubljenje prvobitnog etniciteta i vodi u drugu naciju. Drugi put vodi u izmenu konfesije, ali uz zadržavanje izvorne etničke pripadnosti. Obe konverzije se demonstriraju na primeru Srba (i Crnogoraca). U zaključku se tvrdi da je u, višenacionalnim i višekonfesionalnim zemljama, poput Jugoslavije, moguće graditi zajedništvo ukoliko dođe do odustajanja od: ekstremnog favorizovanja konfesionalnog mentaliteta, nekritičkog poistovećivanja nacije i religije, netolerantne identifikacije nacionalne i konfesionalne pripadnosti, nehumane podele ljudi sa konfesionalnim poreklom i bez njega, nerazložnog suprostavljanja teista, indiferentnih i ateista. Takvo zajedništvo gradilo bi se onda među susednim zemljama, regionima i u celoj Evropi. Autor insistira na gajenju svesti u Evropljana o potrebi opisanog zajedništva.This paper discusses religiocentrism as a (dis)integration factor. The religiocentrism can be viewed at the two levels: at the level of the whole continent and at the level of one country. In both cases there arc two sublevels: first, the analysis of the relationship between the major religions (Christianity and Islam) and second, the analysis of the relationships between their branches (the Orthodox Church, Catholicism, Protestantism; the Shiites and the Sunni). At the concrete level, the confessional mentality as a (dis) - integration factor is illustrated in the Yugoslav example in which at least three cultural circles are intertwined: West-European, that is, Catholic-Protestant, Byzantine-Orthodox and Ottomanic-Islamic. It suggests a genuine defining of the confessionality (identification) and it also gives the confessional panorama of the Yugoslav population. The paper criticizes the way of determining the confessionality used by officials of religious communities: by identifying the confessionality and nationality this method causes disintegration of people on the national and religious grounds dividing them into the confessionally determined and undetermined people, theists, atheists, indifferents and others. This paper also points out to the sociological fad that the monoconfessionalism of nations is being violated by two types of conversion. One type of conversion makes a pari of one nation lose its original ethnical belonging and become members of another nation. The other type causes the change of confession while the original ethnical belonging is being preserved. Both types are illustrated in the example of Serbians (and Montenegroes). The conclusion claims that it is possible in multinational and multiconfessional countries such as Yugoslavia to build a unity only if the following altitudes are eliminated: extreme favouritism of the confessional mentality, noncritical identification of nation and religions, non-tolerant identification of nationality and confessionalily, norihumane divisions of people into the ones with a confessional background and those without it, and unduly opposing of theists, atheists and indifferents. This kind of unity can be then cherished among the neighbouring countries, regions and in Europe on the whole. The authors insists on a greater awareness of the Europeans of the need for this unity

The Plight of Sociology at the University

U tekstu se izveštava o rezultatima socio-empirijskog istraživanja tzv. marksističkog obrazovanja na Univerzitetu u Nišu. Iz obimnog materijala proučavanja ovde se interpretiraju neki podaci vezani za sociologiju, a zanemaruju oni o marksističkoj filozofiji, političkoj ekonomiji i političkom sistemu SFRJ. Sociološka zajednica poseduje institucije za edukaciju svojih pripadnika, ali kao ni jedna druga zajednica dozvoljava prevelik profesionalni nered u svom sektoru. Pravo da se krsti sociologom podjednako ima onaj čija se edukacija odvijala na matičnim fakultetima kao i onaj ko se našao u sociologiji igrom slučaja. Istraživanje je potvrdilo da se na Univerzitetu u Nišu upravo tako nešto zbiva. Ako se za jugoslavensku sociologiju postavlja pitanje koliko je zrela kao nauka nalazi istraživanja pokazuju da je u njoj mnogo opštih mesta, sterilnog pozivanja na autoritete, teorijske poze, kompilacije, ali veoma malo materijala o bazičnim problemima s kojima se sociolozi suočavaju svakodnevno. Sociologija se na Univerzitetu u Nišu predaje i u kombinovanim predmetima sa naslovima »Marksizam i sociologija«, »Marksistička filozofija i sociologija«, »Sociologija i teorija i praksa samoupravljanja«, »Sociologija i filozofija prirodnih nauka«. Pitanje je: ko to treba i da li iko može uspešno da predaje kombinovane predmete? Može li se nastava na kombinovanim predmetima zasnivati na rezultatima naučnoistraživačkog rada? Nisu li zapravo sociolozi kao nastavnici ovih kombinovanih predmeta primorani da kao »univerzalni neznalice« predaju ono za što su nestručni, bitno doprineli udesu sociologije na Univerzitetu u Nišu. Ideološki, eksterni razlog nepovoljnog položaja sociologije je u tezi o neprimerenosti socioloških disciplina koncepciji tzv. integralnog marksističkog obrazovanja. Tako je i sociologija na Univerzitetu u Nišu ustuknula od opšteobrazovnog predmeta koji je bio zastupljen na svim fakultetima i bio tretiran kao matematika na tehničkim fakultetima, do situacije da se bori za svoj dignitet u bezličnom marksističkom obrazovanju i svakojakim veštačkim kombinacijama.The article reports on the results of a socio-empirical research project concerning so-called Marxist education at the University of Niš. From an abundance of data, those referring to sociology are interpreted in this article, and those referring to Marxist philosophy, political economy and the political system of the SFR Yugoslavia are put aside. The sociological community has institutions for educating its members, but as any other community, it does not allow to big a professional disorder within its sector. The right to be christened a sociologist is equally given to both those whose education took place on »parent« faculties, and those who found themselves »in« sociology by chance. This research project confirms that precisely such a process in under way at the University of Niš. If asking ourselves how mature a science Yugoslav sociology is, the results of our research point out that it embodies too many generalities, a sterile reference to authority, theoretical pose, compilation, but very little material concerning fundamental issues sociologists are confronted with daily. At the University of Niš, sociology is also lectured as part of the following composite subjects titled: »Marxism and Sociology«, »Marxist Philosophy and Sociology«, »Sociology and the Theory and Practice of Self-Management«, »Sociology and the Philosophy of Natural Sciences«. The question is: who should and can any one successfully lecture on composite subjects? Can such lecturing be based on research? Haven\u27t sociologists, in fact, as lecturers of these composite subjects, having been compelled, as »universal ignoramuses«, to teach what they have no qualification for, sufficiently contributed to the plight of sociology at the University of Niš? Ideologically, the external reason for such an unpropitious position of sociology can be found in the thesis of the unsuitability of sociological disciplines when the concept of the so-called integral Marxist education is concerned. Thus, at the University of Niš, sociology has also yielded to the »general-education« subject represented at all the faculties, and treated as mathematics at the faculties of technical sciences, and has reached a stage in which it is fighting for dignity surrounded by a nondescript Marxist education and all sorts of artificial combinations

Confessional Mentality as a (Dis)Integration Factor

U tekstu se razmatra religiocentralizam kao faktor (dez)integrativnih procesa. Religiocentrizam se može pratiti na dva nivoa: na nivou celog kontinenta (Evropa) i na nivou jedne zemlje. U oba slučaja važe dva podnivoa analize: najpre, analiza odnosa među religijama (hrišćanstvo i islam), a zatim između krakova, konfesija svake od njih (pravoslavlje, katoličanstvo, protestantizam; suniti i šiiti). Na konkretnijem nivou, konfesionalni mentalitet kao faktor dez/integracije demonstrira se na primeru Jugoslavije, u kojoj se prožimaju bar tri kulturna kruga: 1. zapadno-evropski, odnosno katoličko-protestantski, 2. vizantijsko-pravoslavni, 3. otomansko-islamski. Predlaže se originalno definisanje konfesionalne pripadnosti (identifikacije) i daje konfesionalna panorama jugoslovenskog stanovništva. Kritikuje se način određivanja konfesionalne pripadnosti u oficijalu verskih zajednica koji, poistovećivanjem konfesionalne i nacionalne pripadnosti, može dezintegrisati ljude po nacionalnoj osnovi, sukobljavati po verskoj, kao što ih suprostavlja na liniji konfesionalno opredeljenih i bezkonfesionalaca, teista, indiferentnih i ateista. Ukazuje se na sociološku činjenicu o narušavanju monokonfesionalizma nacija, koje se odigrava dvema konverzijama. Jedan put konfesionalne konverzije vodi deo određene nacije u gubljenje prvobitnog etniciteta i vodi u drugu naciju. Drugi put vodi u izmenu konfesije, ali uz zadržavanje izvorne etničke pripadnosti. Obe konverzije se demonstriraju na primeru Srba (i Crnogoraca). U zaključku se tvrdi da je u, višenacionalnim i višekonfesionalnim zemljama, poput Jugoslavije, moguće graditi zajedništvo ukoliko dođe do odustajanja od: ekstremnog favorizovanja konfesionalnog mentaliteta, nekritičkog poistovećivanja nacije i religije, netolerantne identifikacije nacionalne i konfesionalne pripadnosti, nehumane podele ljudi sa konfesionalnim poreklom i bez njega, nerazložnog suprostavljanja teista, indiferentnih i ateista. Takvo zajedništvo gradilo bi se onda među susednim zemljama, regionima i u celoj Evropi. Autor insistira na gajenju svesti u Evropljana o potrebi opisanog zajedništva.This paper discusses religiocentrism as a (dis)integration factor. The religiocentrism can be viewed at the two levels: at the level of the whole continent and at the level of one country. In both cases there arc two sublevels: first, the analysis of the relationship between the major religions (Christianity and Islam) and second, the analysis of the relationships between their branches (the Orthodox Church, Catholicism, Protestantism; the Shiites and the Sunni). At the concrete level, the confessional mentality as a (dis) - integration factor is illustrated in the Yugoslav example in which at least three cultural circles are intertwined: West-European, that is, Catholic-Protestant, Byzantine-Orthodox and Ottomanic-Islamic. It suggests a genuine defining of the confessionality (identification) and it also gives the confessional panorama of the Yugoslav population. The paper criticizes the way of determining the confessionality used by officials of religious communities: by identifying the confessionality and nationality this method causes disintegration of people on the national and religious grounds dividing them into the confessionally determined and undetermined people, theists, atheists, indifferents and others. This paper also points out to the sociological fad that the monoconfessionalism of nations is being violated by two types of conversion. One type of conversion makes a pari of one nation lose its original ethnical belonging and become members of another nation. The other type causes the change of confession while the original ethnical belonging is being preserved. Both types are illustrated in the example of Serbians (and Montenegroes). The conclusion claims that it is possible in multinational and multiconfessional countries such as Yugoslavia to build a unity only if the following altitudes are eliminated: extreme favouritism of the confessional mentality, noncritical identification of nation and religions, non-tolerant identification of nationality and confessionalily, norihumane divisions of people into the ones with a confessional background and those without it, and unduly opposing of theists, atheists and indifferents. This kind of unity can be then cherished among the neighbouring countries, regions and in Europe on the whole. The authors insists on a greater awareness of the Europeans of the need for this unity

Roma People and the Regionalization (The Example of the Roma People in Serbia, Macedonia and Bulgaria)

U okviru projekta Kulturni i etnički odnosi na Balkanu - mogućnosti regionalne i europske integracije (2002-2005.), koji se odvija na Institutu za sociologiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Nišu, a financira ga Ministarstvo za nauku, tehnologije i razvoj Republike Srbije, u drugoj polovini 2003. godine izvedeno je empirijsko istraživanje "Kvalitet međuetničkih odnosa, svest o regionalnom identitetu i mogućnosti saradnje i integracije na Balkanu" na uzorku od 1786 ispitanika. Uzorak je podijeljen na tri poduzorka sa identičnim brojem ispitanika, koji su realizirani na teritoriju jugoistočne Srbije, sjeverozapadne Makedonije i centralne i zapadne Bugarske. Istraživanje je p kazalo da Romi mogu biti primjer raznovrsnih vidova transgranične i, u ovom slučaju, regionalne suradnje. Istine radi, srpski, makedonski i bugarski Romi su znatno prije političara nju i uspostavili. Gonjeni bijedom i razvijajući brojne strategije preživljavanja, oni su, lako \u27\u27slomili" krutost državnih granica, uzdržanost većinskih naroda i kalkulanstvo političkih odličnika. J više od toga, od strane Roma prokrčenim drumovima sive transregionalne ekonomije kasnije su se okoristili i većinci - Srbi, Makedonci i Bugari, kako bi nekako amortizirali stravične udarce tranzicije . Od Roma se učilo preživljavanju, i to treba priznati.Within the framework of the project "Cultural and Ethnic Relations in Balkans - Possibilities of Regional and European Integrations" (2002-2006) which is being developed at the Institute for Sociology, Faculty of Philosophy, Niš, and financed by the Ministry of education, technology and development of the Republic of Serbia, in the second half of the 2003 the empiric research "The Quality of the interethnic relations, the conscience of regional identity and possibilities of the cooperation and integration in Balkans" was conducted among 1786 people. This sample was divided into tree parts consisted of the identical number of the people being questioned, realized on the territory of the Southeast Serbia, Southwest Macedonia and Central and Western Bulgaria. The results had shown that Roma people could serve an example of various trans border, and in this case, regional cooperation. The truth is that Roma people have established that cooperation even before the politicians in Serbia, Macedonia and Bulgaria. Serbs, Macedonians and Bulgarians profited from the paths of gray interregional economy established by the Roma people in order to amortize the horrible impacts of the transition. It is worth to admit, that Roma people were an example of how to survive

A tool for all astro sensor recordings fusion into color composite images

A method of various sensors integration into color fusions, which, although quite simple, has not been seen elsewhere, is described. The method is implemented in the user friendly visual environment packed into a single program that is running on all PC platforms starting with Win 98/NT. Basically, it is transportable to other platforms and the authors would expand it and transport it to other platforms, if the need arises

CCD microscopy-image analysis by Group for Intelligent Systems GIS

BACKGROUND: Classic microscopy does not allow dealing with visual and photographic phenomena, observation of the distinctions where they are needed, or carrying out of any image processing other than cutting. Digital imaging provided more detailed and distinctive insights, and formed the basis for the development of the image processing tools and techniques that transcended in potential and power all initial expectations. The purpose of this article is to present our achievements in this area. METHODS: The starting point is that the matrix. Digital image is a discrete approximation of the continuous two-argument function. Analogue original is a fair basis to start building good mathematical representations of present objects structures, features, which are then subjected to calculations transformations and analyses that could precisely match the predefined aims. These analyses are: Photomorphology 3D model with morphometrics and full 3D navigation, mathematical representations of granular forms in images, object contours, mathematical representations of chromosomes with mathematical definition of similarity, automatic procedures, such as pattern normalizations, matching, classifications, which leads to broader application of Artificial Intelligence methodology. RESULTS: We developed a method and a complex software environment for microscopic imaging, with many tools and algorithms that proved to be useful in genetics, pathology, and oncology. The presented method is prepared and available for further generalizations and automatization, easily bridging to intelligent systems. CONCLUSION: Microscopic imaging is powerful new high-tech domain of great assistance in biomedical research and medical practice that is revolutionizing real time diagnostic methods and potential, matching the power of molecular biology techniques. Being the pioneers in the microscopic imaging, we are pleased that it is exponentially expanding to the general benefit

Ampelographic description of cluster, berry and seed of merlot cultivar (Vitis vinifera L.) and its selected clones

During a four-year period, ampelographic experiments focusing on the berry cluster (average length of grape cluster, number of grape clusters per shoot, number of berries per grape cluster and length of peduncle), berry (length of berry and berry juice yield), length of pedicel and seed (length of berry seed) of Merlot cultivar (used as a relevant standard) and 11 clones (Nos. 022, 023, 025, 026, 027, 028, 029, 030, 031, 033 and 034) were performed in order to establish the differences among them. These experiments were actually conducted in the third phase of individual clonal selection of Merlot cultivar carried out in Serbia. The lengths of grape cluster and pedicel as well as berry must yields differed significantly among the examined clones. The cluster and principal component analyses classified 12 samples into three divergent clusters/groups, respectively. The clones belonging to the cluster II /the second group/ had significantly higher values of numbers of grape clusters per shoot and berries per grape cluster; lengths of peduncle and berry; berry must yield and length of pedicel, compared both to standard Merlot /the cluster I, the first group/ and the clones of the cluster III /the third group/. The phenological observations showed no significant differences in the beginnings and durations of phenological stages and vegetation period of the examined clones. The obtained results indicate the real need for further research work focused both on the agrobiological and technological properties of the grapes and wines aiming to better describe the selected clones. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 0719, br. 46009 i br. 172053