Resource-saving technologies for the basic cultivation of chernozem typical in the northeastern region of the Central Chernozem region

The research was carried out with the aim of solving the problem of optimizing the system of basic tillage, providing a reduction in energy costs, obtaining high crop productivity and profitability of production in a grain-fallow crop rotation in the conditions of the northeast of the Central Chernozem Region. The work was carried out in 2013-2021, in a stationary field experiment on a typical heavy loamy chernozem with a high supply of mineral nutrients with a humus content in the arable layer of 6.8-7.0%. The scheme of the experiment included the following options for the main tillage systems: traditional mid-depth moldboard, for soybean at 25-27 cm (control); resource-saving: surface (disking by 10-12 cm) for all crops and non-moldboard mid-depth, 25-27 cm for soybeans and 20-22 cm for cereals; combined: moldboard-less plowing (25% plowing for soybeans + 75% non-moldboard semi-deep plowing for cereals) and moldboard-surface (25% plowing for soybeans + 75% surface plowing for cereals). Against the background of treatments for crop rotation, fertilizers and plant protection products were used. It was found that resource-saving non-moldboard and combined tillage for sowing, on average, for crop rotation crops, accumulated more moisture in the arable layer by 12.1-13.8%, by 3.9-7.8% in the meter layer, compared with traditional moldboard cultivation. . Surface tillage reduced the reserve of productive moisture in the arable layer by 4.4%, in the meter layer - by 5.1%. It has been studied that the best nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium regimes are established with traditional dump and combined dump-surface treatments. In the variants with surface and non-moldboard tillage, a decrease in the content of mineral nutrition elements in the arable soil layer is noted. At the same time, there was an increase in the process of differentiation of the arable layer by fertility with a concentration of nutrients in the layer of 0-10 cm and a significant decrease in them in the layer of 20-30 cm. 2.1 times without herbicides, 2.2 times against the background of herbicide treatment, in terms of the number of weeds and 1.4 and 1.5 times in terms of their mass, in comparison with traditional moldboard treatment. The use of herbicides contributed to a decrease in the number of weeds and the mass of the weed component on average for the variants of the experiment by 55.4 and 60.0%, respectively. It was analyzed that the use of surface and non-moldboard tillage systems led to a decrease in the productivity of a hectare of arable land in crop rotation by 0.09 tons of grain units without protection and by 0.11-0.14 tons in combination with plant protection. The combined (dump-surface) system of tillage ensured the productivity of arable land at the level of the traditional dump system at different depths. It has been proved that the highest profitability of production in crop rotation (250.3%) was achieved using a combined (dump-surface) tillage system in combination with the use of complex protection products (seed dressing + pesticides for crop vegetation). Resource-saving processing systems (surface and non-moldboard) worsened economic performance. Income from the use of these tillage systems decreased by 4.8-5.5%, profitability decreased by 1.6-2.7% compared to the traditional mid-depth moldboard tillage system in crop rotation

Selection of parent pairs for the breeding process based on adaptive ability and environmental sustainability of spring barley varieties

Varietal diversity and study of the source material for the breeding process is an important condition when creating a new variety with the necessary economically valuable characteristics, considering the requirements of agricultural producers and the processing industry. The task of breeders at the first stage of cultivar creation is to select from a collection nursery set high-yielding varieties resistant to pests and diseases, able to withstand various climatic stresses, to determine the adaptive ability to identify the positive and negative sides of genotypes, and creatively apply them in the breeding process. During 2018-2021, 94 varieties of spring barley of various ecological and geographical origin were studied. As a result of scientific research and mathematical calculations of the adaptability indicators of varieties, genotypes with a positive combination of high yield and their resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors were selected. Depending on the tasks set before breeding, varieties with positive adaptive abilities should be used in crosses: Azov (Russia), Lun (Russia), Medicum 336 (Russia), Corona (Ukraine), Effect (Ukraine), Grace (Germany), Delphine (France), Leon (Germany), Desnina (Germany), Collil (UK)

Resource-saving technologies for the basic cultivation of chernozem typical in the northeastern region of the Central Chernozem region

The research was carried out with the aim of solving the problem of optimizing the system of basic tillage, providing a reduction in energy costs, obtaining high crop productivity and profitability of production in a grain-fallow crop rotation in the conditions of the northeast of the Central Chernozem Region. The work was carried out in 2013-2021, in a stationary field experiment on a typical heavy loamy chernozem with a high supply of mineral nutrients with a humus content in the arable layer of 6.8-7.0%. The scheme of the experiment included the following options for the main tillage systems: traditional mid-depth moldboard, for soybean at 25-27 cm (control); resource-saving: surface (disking by 10-12 cm) for all crops and non-moldboard mid-depth, 25-27 cm for soybeans and 20-22 cm for cereals; combined: moldboard-less plowing (25% plowing for soybeans + 75% non-moldboard semi-deep plowing for cereals) and moldboard-surface (25% plowing for soybeans + 75% surface plowing for cereals). Against the background of treatments for crop rotation, fertilizers and plant protection products were used. It was found that resource-saving non-moldboard and combined tillage for sowing, on average, for crop rotation crops, accumulated more moisture in the arable layer by 12.1-13.8%, by 3.9-7.8% in the meter layer, compared with traditional moldboard cultivation. . Surface tillage reduced the reserve of productive moisture in the arable layer by 4.4%, in the meter layer - by 5.1%. It has been studied that the best nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium regimes are established with traditional dump and combined dump-surface treatments. In the variants with surface and non-moldboard tillage, a decrease in the content of mineral nutrition elements in the arable soil layer is noted. At the same time, there was an increase in the process of differentiation of the arable layer by fertility with a concentration of nutrients in the layer of 0-10 cm and a significant decrease in them in the layer of 20-30 cm. 2.1 times without herbicides, 2.2 times against the background of herbicide treatment, in terms of the number of weeds and 1.4 and 1.5 times in terms of their mass, in comparison with traditional moldboard treatment. The use of herbicides contributed to a decrease in the number of weeds and the mass of the weed component on average for the variants of the experiment by 55.4 and 60.0%, respectively. It was analyzed that the use of surface and non-moldboard tillage systems led to a decrease in the productivity of a hectare of arable land in crop rotation by 0.09 tons of grain units without protection and by 0.11-0.14 tons in combination with plant protection. The combined (dump-surface) system of tillage ensured the productivity of arable land at the level of the traditional dump system at different depths. It has been proved that the highest profitability of production in crop rotation (250.3%) was achieved using a combined (dump-surface) tillage system in combination with the use of complex protection products (seed dressing + pesticides for crop vegetation). Resource-saving processing systems (surface and non-moldboard) worsened economic performance. Income from the use of these tillage systems decreased by 4.8-5.5%, profitability decreased by 1.6-2.7% compared to the traditional mid-depth moldboard tillage system in crop rotation

The effect of tillage in combination with the use of fertilizers and protective equipment on the yield and economic efficiency of crop cultivation in the North-Eastern region of the central chernozem zone

The studies were carried out on typical chernozem. The purpose of the research was to develop resource-saving technological methods of crop cultivation, ensuring an increase in yield and economic efficiency of production. The work was carried out in a long-term stationary field experiment against the background of two types of crop rotations: in 2007-2010 – grain-fallow-hoe (black fallow – winter wheat – sugar beet – barley) and in 2013-2020 – grain-fallow (black fallow – winter wheat – soy – barley). Four systems of basic tillage were compared in the grain-fallow-hoe crop rotation: traditional dump multi-depth, surface, non-dump multi-depth, combined (25% dump + 75% non-dump). There are five tillage systems in the grain-fallow crop rotation, with the inclusion of a combined system in the experiment scheme (25% dump + 75% surface). Fertilizers and plant protection products were used against the background of treatments for crop rotation cultures. The best conditions for the formation of crop yields, arable land productivity in crop rotations and the best economic indicators are formed with combined (25% dump and 75% non-dump) and (25% dump + 75% surface) tillage systems in combination with a low level of mineral nutrition and plant protection products. An increase in the level of mineral nutrition in crop rotations without the use of plant protection products leads to a significant decrease in the economic efficiency of production