Deformation behaviour of two phase materials: Cu-Al system

A study has been made of the deformation behaviour of a series of dual phase (? + ??) and ? + eutectoid Cu-Al alloys. The effect of martensite or eutectoid as the second phase on flow stress, work hardening, and total elongation is described. It is seen that the strengthening effect of martensite becomes greater than that of eutectoid at larger strains. Analysis of stress–strain curves shows that the strain hardening exponent n changes continuously with strain and, as such, the analysis based on the Ludwik equation (? = ?0 + k??pn?) is performed. It is found that alloys showing higher ductility exhibit a three stage behaviour. An explanation for this stage behaviour in terms of the deformation mechanisms involved is presente

Challenges and approaches for the development of safer immunomodulatory biologics

Immunomodulatory biologics are a class of agents that render their therapeutic effect via modulating or harnessing immune responses. Despite their therapeutic efficacy in complex conditions including cancer and autoimmune diseases, there is a growing concern about their unwanted adverse events including infections, malignancy, cytokine release syndromes, anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity and immunogenicity. In this article, we assess the safety issues associated with immunomodulatory biologics and discuss the key approaches to understand, predict and mitigate adverse events associated with their use