Electrochemistry of ferrocenylphosphines FcCH₂PR₂ (Fc=(η⁵-C₅H₅)Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄); R=Ph, CH₂OH and CH₂CH₂CN), and some phosphine oxide, phosphine sulfide, phosphonium and metal complex derivatives

Electrochemical studies of the free ferrocenylphosphine ligands FcCH₂PR₂ (Fc=(η⁵-C₅H₅)Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄); R=Ph, CH₂OH and CH₂CH₂CN) and some phosphine oxide, phosphine sulfide, phosphonium and metal derivatives are described. The free ligands exhibit complex voltammetric responses due to participation of the phosphorus lone pair in the redox reactions. Uncomplicated ferrocene-based redox chemistry is observed for PV derivatives and when the ligands are coordinated in complexes cis-PtCl₂[FcCH₂P(CH₂OH)₂], PdCl₂[FcCH₂P(CH₂OH)₂], [Au{FcCH₂P(CH₂OH)₂}₂]Cl, RuCl₂(η⁶-C₁₀H₁₄)[FcCH₂P(CH₂OH)₂] and RuCl₂(η⁶-C₁₀H₁₄)(FcCH₂PPh₂). The reaction pathways of the free ligands after one-electron oxidation have been examined in detail using voltammetry, NMR spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry. Direct evidence for formation of a P---P bonded product is presented

Keeping Wetlands Wet: The Human Hydrology of Wetlands in the Bear River Basin

This research seeks to understand how wetlands maintain a water supply in the Bear River Basin, where water is generally scarce. Research was conducted through semi-structured interviews with wetland and water experts in the basin and archival research of historical documents and water rights. The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service manages three refuges on the Bear River, and has obtained water rights portfolios for each. Holding water rights does not ensure that there will be water available for refuge wetlands. Instead, position in relation to other powerful water users is the most important factor in determining the security of a refuge\u27s water supply and the threats faced from drought. All refuges must manage their water because the human-hydrology of the river is complex and variable; this requires a combination of infrastructure and planning. Maintaining relationships with other water users is another important adaptation to the human-hydrology of the river, because all water users along the river are interconnected. Recognizing that they face the same threats to their water supply allows wetland managers and irrigators to cooperate in order to maintain the water supply for their region of the river and increases adaptability as the region faces climate change. The Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge is the oldest refuge on the river and has the least secure water supply, despite having the largest water rights portfolio. Because it is chronically short of water during the summer, refuge staff have developed an adaptive management strategy to effectively utilize the water they do receive. Management involves predicting water supplies each year, setting water level targets accordingly, actively diverting water to priority wetlands, and allowing non-priority wetland to dry. This is followed by extensive monitoring of habitat conditions and bird use, the results of which are shared in annual management plans. This strategy maintains the most wildlife habitat possible and offers important institutional adaptations. Most importantly, it demonstrates the refuge\u27s water rights are being put to beneficial use. Sharing knowledge gained through management also builds trust and adaptive capacity among water users facing the complex human-hydrology at the end of the Bear River

The Color of the Sublime is White

In this paper, I examine Melville\u27s discussion in Moby Dick of the whiteness of the whale from the perspective of a Kantian account of the sublime. My aim, in the first instance, is to see if the comparison helps to shed light on Melville\u27s puzzling discussion of the color white and why this color serves to heighten the feeling of being overwhelmed by terror when confronted with something extremely large or powerful. In turn, I intend to use Melville\u27s discussion of whiteness to put pressure on some of the philosophical assumptions behind a Kantian analysis of the sublime. In particular, I hope to show that Melville\u27s account of the war between Captain Ahab and the great white whale can serve as an aesthetic counterexample to the Kantian claim that both generals and war are sublime-but only if the general possesses civic virtue and the war is conducted in a just manner. I will attempt to use this counterexample to challenge the philosophical assumption that the power of reason is the basis of our nobility in the experience of the sublime, for this assumption is behind those contemporary accounts of the sublime that have been motivated by the Kantian analysis. As a result, the argument of this paper is an attempt to offer philosophical support to the efforts of those contemporary artists who, like Robert Motherwell, draw inspiration from Melville\u27s discussion of the color white

The Effect Overall Density Plays On Performance and Preference in a Windowed Environment

This thesis consists of fundamental research into the effect that a display’s overall density has on a user’s performance and preference while performing simple tasks using a window-styled computer application specifically developed for this study. This study sought to reevaluate previous findings by exploring their application in the more current, present-day environment. In this research, overall density was considered to be a measure of a screen’s complexity and was examined at three different levels. Users performed a series of tasks using only one of three available screens with different density levels. The same tasks were performed by all users to determine if different density levels exhibit any effect on the user’s performance (as measured by completion time and accuracy) or preference. The outcome of these trials demonstrates that overall density and complexity play an important role in a user\u27s performance and acceptance of a screen

The Defence of Responsible Communication

Defamatory statements of fact published in mass media give rise to a legal problem of particular difficulty. When a defamatory statement of fact is published by mass media, the breadth of the statement’s dissemination is likely to maximize the harm to the person defamed. Yet in recent decades there has been an increasing consciousness among legislators and the judiciary of the importance of freedom of expression in democratic societies. Defamation cases are free speech cases in microcosm. Judicial appreciation of the important values at stake on both sides of cases involving defamatory statements of fact in mass media has led to recognition that the publication of such statements, when they relate to subjects of legitimate public interest, should in some circumstances be legally protected. As a result, Canadian law as to the availability of a defence of privilege for mass media has been in a state of evolution for many years. This article surveys the history of that evolution, which has led to a restatement of libel law in terms of free expression the ory. A cornerstone of that restatement is the recent recognition by the Supreme Court, in Grant v. Torstar, of a new defence of responsible communication on matters of public interest

The Defence of Responsible Communication

Defamatory statements of fact published in mass media give rise to a legal problem of particular difficulty. When a defamatory statement of fact is published by mass media, the breadth of the statement’s dissemination is likely to maximize the harm to the person defamed. Yet in recent decades there has been an increasing consciousness among legislators and the judiciary of the importance of freedom of expression in democratic societies. Defamation cases are free speech cases in microcosm. Judicial appreciation of the important values at stake on both sides of cases involving defamatory statements of fact in mass media has led to recognition that the publication of such statements, when they relate to subjects of legitimate public interest, should in some circumstances be legally protected. As a result, Canadian law as to the availability of a defence of privilege for mass media has been in a state of evolution for many years. This article surveys the history of that evolution, which has led to a restatement of libel law in terms of free expression the ory. A cornerstone of that restatement is the recent recognition by the Supreme Court, in Grant v. Torstar, of a new defence of responsible communication on matters of public interest

Actinobacillosis in a Bull

On March 20. 1950, a two year old Guernsey bull was admitted to Stange Memorial Clinic with a large pendulous growth on the left side of the throat near the midline and approximately four in. posterior to the angle of the mandible. This growth had first been noted 30 days before being brought to the clinic and had increased rapidly in size during this 30 day period. The growth appeared to involve the skin only; however, it was very vascular and hemorrhaged easily when traumatized

Expert systems: Advanced computer software with potential optometric applications

Expert systems are a form of advanced computer programming utilizing aspects of artificial intelligence to emulate the skills of an expert within a given field of knowledge. Low cost expert systems are now being used in business, and soon will be seen in some health professions. This article describes the basics of expert systems, and suggests possible applications in optometry

Experimental investigation of ion–ion recombination under atmospheric conditions

We present the results of laboratory measurements of the ion–ion recombination coefficient at different temperatures, relative humidities and concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide. The experiments were carried out using the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at CERN, the walls of which are made of conductive material, making it possible to measure small ions. We produced ions in the chamber using a 3.5 GeV c^(−1) beam of positively charged pions (π^+) generated by the CERN Proton Synchrotron (PS). When the PS was switched off, galactic cosmic rays were the only ionization source in the chamber. The range of the ion production rate varied from 2 to 100 cm^(−3) s^(−1), covering the typical range of ionization throughout the troposphere. The temperature ranged from −55 to 20 °C, the relative humidity (RH) from 0 to 70 %, the SO_2 concentration from 0 to 40 ppb, and the ozone concentration from 200 to 700 ppb. The best agreement of the retrieved ion–ion recombination coefficient with the commonly used literature value of 1.6 × 10^(−6) cm^3 s^(−1) was found at a temperature of 5 °C and a RH of 40 % (1.5 ± 0.6) × 10^(−6) cm^3 s^(−1). At 20 °C and 40 % RH, the retrieved ion–ion recombination coefficient was instead (2.3 ± 0.7) × 10^(−6) cm^3 s^(−1). We observed no dependency of the ion–ion recombination coefficient on ozone concentration and a weak variation with sulfur dioxide concentration. However, we observed a more than fourfold increase in the ion–ion recombination coefficient with decreasing temperature. We compared our results with three different models and found an overall agreement for temperatures above 0 °C, but a disagreement at lower temperatures. We observed a strong increase in the recombination coefficient for decreasing relative humidities, which has not been reported previously