Through-Hole Filling by Copper Electroplating

Through holes (THs) with different shapes were formed by laser drilling on a printed circuit board to evaluate the filling capability of two copper plating formulas. The shapes of these THs were cylindrical, V- and X-shaped. Two copper plating formulas, accelerator-free formula (AFF) and accelerator-containing formula (ACF), were employed in this work. The AFF contained only one organic additive and the ACF was composed of multiorganic additives. The electrochemical characteristics of the AFF were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, which could be utilized to explain the results of filling plating. The plating results showed that the cylindrical TH could be fully filled using AFF. However, the V- and X-shaped THs could be fully filled using ACF. TH and microvias could be simultaneously filled in one plating bath using the AFF. A filling mechanism based on an adsorption/consumption/diffusion mode was proposed to explain these plating results. (C) 2008 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/1.2988134] All rights reserved

Beyond cancer: changes, problems and needs expressed by adult lymphoma survivors attending an out-patient clinic

Little is known about the impact of the cancer experience on people following the completion of treatment. Work has begun to outline such experiences primarily in the United States. The purpose of this study was to explore the 'survival'experience within a British context of care, outlining the changes, problems and needs expressed by adult cancer survivors.A convenience sample of 10 adult lymphoma patients from one large teaching hospital was interviewed a minimum of 18 months following the completion of successful treatment. Data were collected by means of tape-recorded semi-structured interviews, using a schedule based on the Cancer Survivorship Questionnaire (Loescher et al., 1990).Data were analysed using content analysis and this indicated that, whilst survival itself may be reward enough for some, others seek to improve or adjust their current status, physically, psychologically or socially. It was concluded that the British cancer survivors were affected in many ways, some having to adjust more than others to the consequences of cure. The preliminary findings pointed towards a notion of 'subtle survivorship'in the British survivors. While they reported many changes in their lives after treatment, many were typically accepting of these and successfully adjusted to their new lives